Ratios & metrics
Profitability, returns on capital, growth, and credit — all derived from the historical income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow rows in our data warehouse.
Valuation multiples
Price- and EV-based multiples plus shareholder yields. Snapshot at each fiscal year-end from key_metrics (FMP).
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Headline | |||||||||
| Market cap | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Enterprise value | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Multiples | |||||||||
| P / E | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| P / B | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / EBITDA | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / Sales | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / FCF | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Yields | |||||||||
| Earnings yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Free cash flow yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Dividend yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Profitability
Margin structure across the last 5 fiscal years
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Margins | |||||||||
| Gross margin | +29.41% | +34.08% | +35.17% | +32.82% | +29.03% | +33.29% | +31.45% | +32.16% | +31.45% |
| Operating margin | +12.00% | +16.59% | +12.73% | +9.73% | +5.18% | +9.40% | +9.23% | +9.12% | +9.40% |
| EBITDA margin | +14.75% | +18.78% | +15.99% | +9.73% | +9.07% | +11.44% | +11.26% | +11.56% | +11.59% |
| EBIT margin | +12.00% | +16.59% | +12.73% | +9.73% | +5.18% | +9.10% | +9.44% | +8.97% | +8.97% |
| Pre-tax margin | +11.32% | +15.72% | +11.61% | +8.46% | +3.37% | +7.73% | +8.01% | +7.98% | +7.90% |
| Net margin | +8.67% | +12.10% | +9.01% | +6.57% | +2.86% | +5.97% | +6.01% | +6.12% | +6.18% |
| Cost structure | |||||||||
| Cost of revenue / sales | +70.59% | +65.92% | +64.83% | +67.18% | +70.97% | +68.57% | +67.07% | +67.83% | +66.07% |
| R&D intensity | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
| SG&A intensity | +17.41% | +17.49% | +22.44% | +23.10% | +23.85% | +23.25% | +22.93% | +22.74% | +23.41% |
| Effective tax rate | +23.37% | +23.03% | +22.36% | +22.32% | +15.06% | +20.68% | +19.88% | +19.96% | +20.23% |
Returns on capital
ROE / ROA / ROC / ROIC over the relevant capital base, plus the 3-step DuPont decomposition of ROE.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Returns | |||||||||
| Return on equity (ROE) | +35.93% | +55.40% | +32.55% | +25.09% | +10.00% | +21.92% | +21.13% | +22.22% | +21.80% |
| Return on assets (ROA) | +16.10% | +25.95% | +14.67% | +10.19% | +3.87% | +9.16% | +9.17% | +9.00% | +9.37% |
| Return on capital (ROC) | +29.10% | +44.61% | +25.77% | +18.49% | +7.86% | +16.97% | +16.45% | +16.25% | +16.79% |
| Return on invested capital (ROIC) | +21.03% | +32.53% | +18.24% | +12.49% | +4.35% | +10.78% | +10.70% | +10.91% | +11.04% |
| Asset turnover | +185.67% | +214.50% | +162.84% | +154.97% | +135.18% | +153.49% | +152.60% | +146.96% | +151.68% |
| DuPont · ROE decomposition | |||||||||
| Net margin | +8.67% | +12.10% | +9.01% | +6.57% | +2.86% | +5.97% | +6.01% | +6.12% | +6.18% |
| Asset turnover (× revenue / assets) | +185.67% | +214.50% | +162.84% | +154.97% | +135.18% | +153.49% | +152.60% | +146.96% | +151.68% |
| Equity multiplier (× assets / equity) | +223.10% | +213.50% | +221.87% | +246.32% | +258.20% | +239.28% | +230.43% | +246.84% | +232.61% |
Activity & efficiency
Turnover ratios and days-outstanding — how efficiently the business converts assets and working capital into sales and cash.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turnover | |||||||||
| Asset turnover | 1.86 | 2.14 | 1.63 | 1.55 | 1.35 | 1.53 | 1.53 | 1.47 | 1.52 |
| Fixed-asset turnover | 10.79 | 11.07 | 7.41 | 6.42 | 5.37 | — | — | — | — |
| Inventory turnover | 8.64 | 10.50 | 9.02 | 9.09 | 9.85 | — | — | — | — |
| Receivables turnover | 9.16 | 12.17 | 9.03 | 9.89 | 9.97 | — | — | — | — |
| Payables turnover | 12.84 | 18.65 | 12.58 | 12.69 | 15.09 | — | — | — | — |
| Days outstanding | |||||||||
| Days sales outstanding (DSO) | 39.84 | 29.98 | 40.41 | 36.91 | 36.62 | — | — | — | — |
| Days inventory outstanding (DIO) | 42.27 | 34.75 | 40.44 | 40.17 | 37.06 | — | — | — | — |
| Days payables outstanding (DPO) | 28.42 | 19.57 | 29.02 | 28.76 | 24.20 | — | — | — | — |
| Cash conversion cycle | 53.69 | 45.15 | 51.83 | 48.32 | 49.48 | — | — | — | — |
Cash flow quality
How well reported earnings translate into operating and free cash flow, plus reinvestment intensity.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Operating CF / Net income | 1.01 | 1.31 | 1.50 | 1.74 | 2.79 | 1.81 | 1.80 | 1.76 | 1.76 |
| FCF / Net income | 0.88 | 1.19 | 1.19 | 1.38 | 1.96 | 1.42 | 1.45 | 1.38 | 1.37 |
| FCF margin | +7.62% | +14.34% | +10.71% | +9.10% | +5.62% | +8.50% | +8.72% | +8.47% | +8.50% |
| OCF margin | +8.76% | +15.84% | +13.49% | +11.42% | +8.00% | +10.81% | +10.80% | +10.77% | +10.90% |
| CapEx / Revenue | +1.15% | +1.50% | +2.79% | +2.32% | +2.39% | +2.52% | +2.48% | +2.44% | +2.47% |
| CapEx / D&A | 0.42 | 0.68 | 0.85 | 0.68 | 0.61 | — | — | — | — |
| Stock-based comp / Revenue | +0.16% | +0.14% | +0.28% | +0.38% | +0.35% | — | — | — | — |
Per-share & shareholder yield
EPS, book value, sales, cash flow and dividends per share — plus payout / retention.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EPS · diluted | 8.48 | 16.82 | 11.94 | 9.06 | 3.89 | 4.29 | 6.18 | 7.37 | 8.35 |
| EPS · basic | 8.55 | 16.98 | 12.06 | 9.13 | 3.91 | 4.26 | 6.27 | 7.49 | 8.31 |
| Book value / share | 23.60 | 30.36 | 36.69 | 36.11 | 38.92 | 35.78 | 40.08 | 41.04 | 43.84 |
| Tangible BV / share | -0.35 | -0.28 | -0.95 | -4.08 | -8.66 | 35.78 | 40.08 | 41.04 | 43.84 |
| Sales / share | 97.77 | 139.02 | 132.54 | 137.84 | 135.85 | 131.40 | 140.95 | 148.87 | 154.69 |
| Operating CF / share | 8.57 | 22.02 | 17.88 | 15.74 | 10.87 | 14.21 | 15.22 | 16.03 | 16.86 |
| Free cash flow / share | 7.45 | 19.94 | 14.19 | 12.54 | 7.63 | 11.17 | 12.29 | 12.61 | 13.14 |
| Dividends / share | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Payout ratio | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
| Retention ratio | +100.00% | +100.00% | +100.00% | +100.00% | +100.00% | +100.00% | +100.00% | +100.00% | +100.00% |
Growth
Year-over-year change for headline P&L lines, plus through-cycle CAGR
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E | 8y CAGR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Top-line | ||||||||||
| Revenue · YoY | — | +14.24% | -24.77% | -4.08% | -7.38% | -2.38% | +5.50% | +6.19% | +4.37% | -1.70% |
| Gross profit · YoY | — | +32.36% | -22.37% | -10.47% | -18.09% | +11.95% | -0.33% | +8.61% | +2.07% | -0.87% |
| Profit | ||||||||||
| Operating income · YoY | — | +57.92% | -42.28% | -26.70% | -50.71% | +77.28% | +3.64% | +4.93% | +7.55% | -4.66% |
| EBITDA · YoY | — | +45.41% | -35.92% | -41.66% | -13.64% | +23.12% | +3.89% | +8.97% | +4.63% | -4.63% |
| Net income · YoY | — | +59.35% | -43.97% | -30.03% | -59.63% | +103.41% | +6.21% | +8.22% | +5.29% | -5.78% |
| Operating | ||||||||||
| EBIT · YoY | — | +57.92% | -42.28% | -26.70% | -50.71% | +71.72% | +9.39% | +0.90% | +4.32% | -5.22% |
| R&D · YoY | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Per-share | ||||||||||
| EPS · diluted · YoY | — | +98.35% | -29.01% | -24.12% | -57.06% | +10.20% | +44.08% | +19.40% | +13.23% | -0.19% |
| EPS · basic · YoY | — | +98.60% | -28.98% | -24.30% | -57.17% | +9.04% | +47.05% | +19.52% | +10.89% | -0.36% |
Credit & leverage
Balance-sheet health + interest coverage + liquidity. Coverage ratios use period-end debt and trailing interest expense.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leverage | |||||||||
| Total debt | $3.4B | $3.49B | $3.71B | $4.33B | $5.65B | $4.18B | $4.33B | $4.75B | $4.79B |
| Net debt | $3.36B | $3.41B | $3.65B | $4.18B | $5.47B | $4.05B | $4.2B | $4.61B | $4.65B |
| Net debt / EBITDA | 1.14 | 0.80 | 1.33 | 2.62 | 3.97 | 2.39 | 2.38 | 2.40 | 2.31 |
| Debt / equity | 0.71 | 0.70 | 0.78 | 1.01 | 1.30 | 1.03 | 0.97 | 1.04 | 0.98 |
| Debt / assets | +31.75% | +32.93% | +35.37% | +40.94% | +50.26% | +43.22% | +42.28% | +42.02% | +41.92% |
| Equity / assets | +44.82% | +46.84% | +45.07% | +40.60% | +38.73% | +41.79% | +43.40% | +40.51% | +42.99% |
| Coverage | |||||||||
| EBITDA / interest expense | 22.79 | 24.96 | 14.23 | 7.68 | 5.03 | 8.43 | 8.01 | 8.45 | 8.32 |
| Operating income / interest | 18.54 | 22.05 | 11.33 | 7.68 | 2.87 | 6.93 | 6.57 | 6.67 | 6.75 |
| Interest expense | $128.78M | $170.97M | $192.12M | $207.72M | $273.89M | $201.21M | $219.94M | $227.25M | $241.41M |
| Liquidity | |||||||||
| Current ratio | 1.86 | 1.90 | 1.77 | 1.77 | 1.86 | — | — | — | — |
| Quick ratio | 1.04 | 1.06 | 1.05 | 1.02 | 1.08 | — | — | — | — |
| Cash ratio | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.09 | 0.12 | — | — | — | — |
| Working capital | $1.84B | $1.65B | $1.44B | $1.36B | $1.35B | — | — | — | — |
| Working capital / revenue | +9.25% | +7.28% | +8.41% | +8.32% | +8.90% | — | — | — | — |
Methodology. ROE / ROA / ROC use period-end balance-sheet denominators (no average-of- period smoothing). ROIC = Operating Income × (1 − inferred effective tax rate) over invested capital, with the effective tax inferred from net-to-operating income when both are positive and a 25% default otherwise. Net debt / EBITDA, debt ratios, and interest-coverage ratios are calculated point-in-time at each fiscal year-end. TTM = trailing 4 quarters (income / cash flow summed, balance sheet = most-recent quarterly snapshot). Through-cycle CAGR in the Growth panel uses the geometric mean of first-to-last period growth across the window (positive values only).