Ratios & metrics
Profitability, returns on capital, growth, and credit — all derived from the historical income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow rows in our data warehouse.
Valuation multiples
Price- and EV-based multiples plus shareholder yields. Snapshot at each fiscal year-end from key_metrics (FMP).
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | FY 2026 | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E | 2030E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Headline | |||||||||
| Market cap | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Enterprise value | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Multiples | |||||||||
| P / E | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| P / B | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / EBITDA | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / Sales | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / FCF | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Yields | |||||||||
| Earnings yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Free cash flow yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Dividend yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Profitability
Margin structure across the last 5 fiscal years
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | FY 2026 | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E | 2030E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Margins | |||||||||
| Gross margin | +52.14% | +50.90% | +49.28% | +50.96% | +51.55% | +49.84% | +50.24% | +49.09% | +50.79% |
| Operating margin | +32.92% | +31.62% | +31.46% | +35.45% | +31.33% | +32.93% | +31.79% | +31.91% | +31.90% |
| EBITDA margin | +11.39% | +12.36% | +30.97% | +7.67% | +35.92% | +32.25% | +32.35% | +32.00% | +33.72% |
| EBIT margin | +7.51% | +8.27% | +26.66% | +3.29% | +31.33% | +20.84% | +19.96% | +20.90% | +20.93% |
| Pre-tax margin | +3.52% | +4.06% | +22.30% | -0.81% | +26.02% | +15.43% | +16.25% | +16.29% | +15.74% |
| Net margin | -0.46% | -0.75% | +17.34% | -0.80% | +18.46% | +11.48% | +11.60% | +11.46% | +11.85% |
| Cost structure | |||||||||
| Cost of revenue / sales | +47.86% | +49.10% | +50.72% | +49.04% | +48.45% | +50.45% | +50.20% | +49.20% | +48.82% |
| R&D intensity | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
| SG&A intensity | +19.22% | +19.28% | +17.82% | +15.50% | +20.23% | +18.26% | +17.47% | +18.26% | +18.06% |
| Effective tax rate | +99.68% | +110.04% | +20.55% | — | +26.12% | +23.54% | +23.22% | +23.23% | +23.44% |
Returns on capital
ROE / ROA / ROC / ROIC over the relevant capital base, plus the 3-step DuPont decomposition of ROE.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | FY 2026 | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E | 2030E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Returns | |||||||||
| Return on equity (ROE) | -0.34% | -0.81% | +17.16% | -1.14% | +20.11% | +13.32% | +13.33% | +12.89% | +13.61% |
| Return on assets (ROA) | -0.16% | -0.29% | +6.72% | -0.38% | +7.70% | +4.72% | +4.78% | +4.84% | +4.94% |
| Return on capital (ROC) | +12.63% | +13.78% | +13.85% | +18.80% | +14.62% | +15.99% | +15.11% | +15.23% | +15.49% |
| Return on invested capital (ROIC) | +9.47% | +10.33% | +7.64% | +14.10% | +8.61% | +5.57% | +5.51% | +5.47% | +5.75% |
| Asset turnover | +34.12% | +38.33% | +38.77% | +47.14% | +41.73% | +41.09% | +41.21% | +42.26% | +41.69% |
| DuPont · ROE decomposition | |||||||||
| Net margin | -0.46% | -0.75% | +17.34% | -0.80% | +18.46% | +11.48% | +11.60% | +11.46% | +11.85% |
| Asset turnover (× revenue / assets) | +34.12% | +38.33% | +38.77% | +47.14% | +41.73% | +41.09% | +41.21% | +42.26% | +41.69% |
| Equity multiplier (× assets / equity) | +214.61% | +282.37% | +255.27% | +303.47% | +261.13% | +282.45% | +278.88% | +266.31% | +275.46% |
Activity & efficiency
Turnover ratios and days-outstanding — how efficiently the business converts assets and working capital into sales and cash.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | FY 2026 | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E | 2030E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turnover | |||||||||
| Asset turnover | 0.34 | 0.38 | 0.39 | 0.47 | 0.42 | 0.41 | 0.41 | 0.42 | 0.42 |
| Fixed-asset turnover | 1.35 | 1.38 | 1.15 | 1.28 | 1.07 | — | — | — | — |
| Inventory turnover | 2.68 | 2.44 | 2.43 | 3.48 | 3.09 | — | — | — | — |
| Receivables turnover | 7.88 | 8.79 | 9.22 | 10.28 | 9.65 | — | — | — | — |
| Payables turnover | 4.70 | 4.93 | 4.56 | 5.33 | 4.61 | — | — | — | — |
| Days outstanding | |||||||||
| Days sales outstanding (DSO) | 46.31 | 41.53 | 39.59 | 35.50 | 37.83 | — | — | — | — |
| Days inventory outstanding (DIO) | 136.00 | 149.31 | 150.14 | 104.79 | 118.21 | — | — | — | — |
| Days payables outstanding (DPO) | 77.74 | 74.04 | 79.98 | 68.52 | 79.16 | — | — | — | — |
| Cash conversion cycle | 104.57 | 116.81 | 109.75 | 71.76 | 76.89 | — | — | — | — |
Cash flow quality
How well reported earnings translate into operating and free cash flow, plus reinvestment intensity.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | FY 2026 | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E | 2030E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Operating CF / Net income | -66.97 | -38.83 | 1.61 | -38.72 | 1.58 | 2.54 | 2.53 | 2.53 | 2.49 |
| FCF / Net income | -41.55 | -24.25 | 0.87 | -23.81 | 1.06 | 1.56 | 1.51 | 1.54 | 1.50 |
| FCF margin | +19.03% | +18.21% | +15.17% | +18.99% | +19.63% | +17.87% | +17.56% | +17.67% | +17.83% |
| OCF margin | +30.67% | +29.16% | +27.91% | +30.88% | +29.20% | +29.16% | +29.33% | +28.94% | +29.51% |
| CapEx / Revenue | +11.64% | +10.95% | +12.74% | +11.89% | +9.57% | +11.30% | +11.65% | +11.44% | +11.49% |
| CapEx / D&A | 3.04 | 2.70 | 2.97 | 2.72 | 2.08 | — | — | — | — |
| Stock-based comp / Revenue | +0.51% | +0.72% | +0.64% | +0.71% | 0.00% | — | — | — | — |
Per-share & shareholder yield
EPS, book value, sales, cash flow and dividends per share — plus payout / retention.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | FY 2026 | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E | 2030E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EPS · diluted | -0.21 | -0.37 | 9.39 | -0.45 | 9.61 | 11.83 | 12.50 | 13.37 | 15.22 |
| EPS · basic | -0.21 | -0.37 | 9.42 | -0.45 | 9.62 | 11.86 | 12.61 | 13.28 | 15.34 |
| Book value / share | 63.29 | 45.36 | 54.71 | 39.32 | 47.77 | 44.59 | 46.16 | 47.73 | 49.63 |
| Tangible BV / share | 7.51 | -9.97 | -3.52 | -2.89 | 3.53 | 44.59 | 46.16 | 47.73 | 49.63 |
| Sales / share | 46.34 | 49.10 | 54.15 | 56.25 | 52.05 | 51.76 | 53.06 | 53.72 | 57.00 |
| Operating CF / share | 14.21 | 14.32 | 15.11 | 17.37 | 15.20 | 15.09 | 15.56 | 15.55 | 16.82 |
| Free cash flow / share | 8.82 | 8.94 | 8.21 | 10.68 | 10.22 | 9.25 | 9.32 | 9.49 | 10.17 |
| Dividends / share | 3.01 | 3.05 | 3.55 | 4.03 | 4.08 | 3.77 | 3.77 | 3.81 | 4.05 |
| Payout ratio | -1418.32% | -827.75% | +37.85% | -899.02% | +42.43% | +63.55% | +61.28% | +61.93% | +59.94% |
| Retention ratio | +1518.32% | +927.75% | +62.15% | +999.02% | +57.57% | +36.45% | +38.72% | +38.07% | +40.06% |
Growth
Year-over-year change for headline P&L lines, plus through-cycle CAGR
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | FY 2026 | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E | 2030E | 8y CAGR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Top-line | ||||||||||
| Revenue · YoY | — | +7.17% | +5.37% | +2.47% | -10.47% | -0.30% | +1.94% | +2.34% | +4.70% | +1.52% |
| Gross profit · YoY | — | +4.62% | +2.02% | +5.95% | -9.42% | -3.61% | +2.75% | -0.00% | +8.34% | +1.19% |
| Profit | ||||||||||
| Operating income · YoY | — | +2.93% | +4.84% | +15.48% | -20.89% | +4.78% | -1.57% | +2.73% | +4.65% | +1.12% |
| EBITDA · YoY | — | +16.26% | +164.02% | -74.63% | +319.51% | -10.51% | +2.27% | +1.22% | +10.33% | +16.27% |
| Net income · YoY | — | -75.74% | +2532.96% | -104.71% | +2172.11% | -38.01% | +3.03% | +1.07% | +8.30% | — |
| Operating | ||||||||||
| EBIT · YoY | — | +17.93% | +239.85% | -87.36% | +753.13% | -33.67% | -2.37% | +7.16% | +4.85% | +15.39% |
| R&D · YoY | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Per-share | ||||||||||
| EPS · diluted · YoY | — | -76.19% | +2637.84% | -104.79% | +2235.56% | +23.10% | +5.67% | +6.92% | +13.91% | — |
| EPS · basic · YoY | — | -76.19% | +2645.95% | -104.78% | +2237.78% | +23.27% | +6.34% | +5.32% | +15.47% | — |
Credit & leverage
Balance-sheet health + interest coverage + liquidity. Coverage ratios use period-end debt and trailing interest expense.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | FY 2026 | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E | 2030E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leverage | |||||||||
| Total debt | $10.95B | $12.96B | $12.56B | $12.11B | $11.2B | $10.91B | $11.46B | $11.47B | $11.83B |
| Net debt | $10.75B | $12.83B | $12.41B | $12.05B | $11.1B | $10.81B | $11.36B | $11.36B | $11.72B |
| Net debt / EBITDA | 10.70 | 10.98 | 4.02 | 15.39 | 3.38 | 3.68 | 3.78 | 3.74 | 3.49 |
| Debt / equity | 0.91 | 1.48 | 1.25 | 1.70 | 1.34 | 1.39 | 1.42 | 1.36 | 1.37 |
| Debt / assets | +42.37% | +52.55% | +48.88% | +55.95% | +51.15% | +49.20% | +50.87% | +50.99% | +49.57% |
| Equity / assets | +46.60% | +35.41% | +39.17% | +32.95% | +38.30% | +35.40% | +35.86% | +37.55% | +36.30% |
| Coverage | |||||||||
| EBITDA / interest expense | 2.85 | 2.94 | 7.11 | 1.90 | 9.31 | 7.77 | 8.03 | 7.97 | 8.25 |
| Operating income / interest | 8.25 | 7.51 | 7.22 | 8.80 | 8.12 | 7.93 | 7.89 | 7.95 | 7.80 |
| Interest expense | $352.2M | $397.8M | $433.8M | $411.4M | $352.6M | $378.18M | $374.32M | $381.61M | $406.81M |
| Liquidity | |||||||||
| Current ratio | 1.23 | 1.18 | 1.19 | 0.92 | 1.08 | — | — | — | — |
| Quick ratio | 0.49 | 0.41 | 0.39 | 0.26 | 0.39 | — | — | — | — |
| Cash ratio | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.04 | — | — | — | — |
| Working capital | $630.9M | $527.8M | $587.8M | -$318.8M | $216.5M | — | — | — | — |
| Working capital / revenue | +7.15% | +5.58% | +5.90% | -3.12% | +2.37% | — | — | — | — |
Methodology. ROE / ROA / ROC use period-end balance-sheet denominators (no average-of- period smoothing). ROIC = Operating Income × (1 − inferred effective tax rate) over invested capital, with the effective tax inferred from net-to-operating income when both are positive and a 25% default otherwise. Net debt / EBITDA, debt ratios, and interest-coverage ratios are calculated point-in-time at each fiscal year-end. TTM = trailing 4 quarters (income / cash flow summed, balance sheet = most-recent quarterly snapshot). Through-cycle CAGR in the Growth panel uses the geometric mean of first-to-last period growth across the window (positive values only).