Ratios & metrics
Profitability, returns on capital, growth, and credit — all derived from the historical income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow rows in our data warehouse.
Valuation multiples
Price- and EV-based multiples plus shareholder yields. Snapshot at each fiscal year-end from key_metrics (FMP).
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Headline | |||||||||
| Market cap | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Enterprise value | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Multiples | |||||||||
| P / E | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| P / B | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / EBITDA | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / Sales | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / FCF | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Yields | |||||||||
| Earnings yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Free cash flow yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Dividend yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Profitability
Margin structure across the last 5 fiscal years
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Margins | |||||||||
| Gross margin | +35.16% | +35.03% | +35.90% | +36.29% | +34.58% | +35.73% | +35.11% | +35.40% | +35.39% |
| Operating margin | +6.16% | +7.31% | +7.57% | +6.14% | +5.00% | +6.08% | +6.42% | +6.32% | +6.21% |
| EBITDA margin | +8.23% | +9.03% | +9.34% | +7.16% | +3.10% | +6.47% | +6.70% | +6.73% | +6.41% |
| EBIT margin | +6.69% | +7.45% | +7.82% | +5.42% | +0.89% | +4.57% | +4.81% | +4.84% | +4.72% |
| Pre-tax margin | +6.36% | +7.12% | +7.55% | +5.01% | +0.21% | +4.19% | +4.22% | +4.37% | +4.15% |
| Net margin | +4.76% | +5.35% | +5.70% | +3.85% | +0.27% | +3.29% | +3.34% | +3.26% | +3.25% |
| Cost structure | |||||||||
| Cost of revenue / sales | +64.84% | +64.97% | +64.10% | +63.71% | +65.42% | +62.61% | +64.23% | +66.23% | +66.25% |
| R&D intensity | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
| SG&A intensity | +27.36% | +26.06% | +26.71% | +28.28% | +29.58% | +27.54% | +28.44% | +27.89% | +28.56% |
| Effective tax rate | +25.12% | +24.79% | +24.44% | +23.12% | -26.41% | +24.54% | +24.59% | +23.41% | +24.65% |
Returns on capital
ROE / ROA / ROC / ROIC over the relevant capital base, plus the 3-step DuPont decomposition of ROE.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Returns | |||||||||
| Return on equity (ROE) | +25.66% | +31.09% | +29.81% | +20.77% | +1.49% | +17.89% | +18.38% | +17.08% | +17.07% |
| Return on assets (ROA) | +6.26% | +7.17% | +7.33% | +4.69% | +0.32% | +4.08% | +4.12% | +3.95% | +3.86% |
| Return on capital (ROC) | +17.35% | +20.26% | +18.78% | +14.29% | +9.55% | +13.73% | +14.40% | +13.76% | +13.51% |
| Return on invested capital (ROIC) | +13.41% | +14.84% | +14.15% | +8.96% | +0.52% | +7.43% | +7.49% | +7.11% | +7.07% |
| Asset turnover | +131.48% | +133.95% | +128.51% | +121.80% | +116.85% | +123.91% | +123.60% | +121.29% | +118.76% |
| DuPont · ROE decomposition | |||||||||
| Net margin | +4.76% | +5.35% | +5.70% | +3.85% | +0.27% | +3.29% | +3.34% | +3.26% | +3.25% |
| Asset turnover (× revenue / assets) | +131.48% | +133.95% | +128.51% | +121.80% | +116.85% | +123.91% | +123.60% | +121.29% | +118.76% |
| Equity multiplier (× assets / equity) | +409.67% | +433.58% | +406.80% | +443.09% | +468.33% | +438.62% | +445.81% | +431.96% | +442.15% |
Activity & efficiency
Turnover ratios and days-outstanding — how efficiently the business converts assets and working capital into sales and cash.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turnover | |||||||||
| Asset turnover | 1.31 | 1.34 | 1.29 | 1.22 | 1.17 | 1.24 | 1.24 | 1.21 | 1.19 |
| Fixed-asset turnover | 8.25 | 9.09 | 8.00 | 6.31 | 5.71 | — | — | — | — |
| Inventory turnover | 3.15 | 3.23 | 3.16 | 2.71 | 2.62 | — | — | — | — |
| Receivables turnover | 10.50 | 10.09 | 10.39 | 10.76 | 10.25 | — | — | — | — |
| Payables turnover | 2.55 | 2.63 | 2.69 | 2.53 | 2.63 | — | — | — | — |
| Days outstanding | |||||||||
| Days sales outstanding (DSO) | 34.78 | 36.16 | 35.15 | 33.92 | 35.61 | — | — | — | — |
| Days inventory outstanding (DIO) | 116.03 | 112.93 | 115.34 | 134.52 | 139.41 | — | — | — | — |
| Days payables outstanding (DPO) | 143.33 | 138.73 | 135.63 | 144.50 | 138.95 | — | — | — | — |
| Cash conversion cycle | 7.48 | 10.35 | 14.85 | 23.94 | 36.07 | — | — | — | — |
Cash flow quality
How well reported earnings translate into operating and free cash flow, plus reinvestment intensity.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Operating CF / Net income | 1.40 | 1.24 | 1.09 | 1.38 | 13.51 | 1.50 | 1.50 | 1.60 | 1.52 |
| FCF / Net income | 1.10 | 0.95 | 0.70 | 0.76 | 6.38 | 0.87 | 0.86 | 0.86 | 0.90 |
| FCF margin | +5.26% | +5.10% | +4.00% | +2.91% | +1.73% | +2.85% | +2.88% | +2.82% | +2.91% |
| OCF margin | +6.67% | +6.64% | +6.22% | +5.33% | +3.67% | +4.94% | +5.00% | +5.21% | +4.93% |
| CapEx / Revenue | +1.41% | +1.54% | +2.22% | +2.42% | +1.93% | +2.23% | +2.20% | +2.14% | +2.16% |
| CapEx / D&A | 0.91 | 0.98 | 1.46 | 1.39 | 0.87 | — | — | — | — |
| Stock-based comp / Revenue | +0.14% | +0.17% | +0.25% | +0.17% | +0.20% | — | — | — | — |
Per-share & shareholder yield
EPS, book value, sales, cash flow and dividends per share — plus payout / retention.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EPS · diluted | 6.23 | 8.31 | 9.33 | 6.47 | 0.47 | 7.69 | 8.37 | 9.26 | 10.95 |
| EPS · basic | 6.27 | 8.36 | 9.38 | 6.49 | 0.47 | 7.74 | 8.52 | 9.26 | 10.91 |
| Book value / share | 24.29 | 26.73 | 31.32 | 31.16 | 31.89 | 33.77 | 34.43 | 37.87 | 39.91 |
| Tangible BV / share | 1.26 | -4.19 | -0.78 | -2.47 | -4.34 | 33.77 | 34.43 | 37.87 | 39.91 |
| Sales / share | 130.84 | 155.25 | 163.72 | 168.16 | 174.51 | 183.52 | 189.75 | 198.39 | 209.54 |
| Operating CF / share | 8.72 | 10.31 | 10.18 | 8.96 | 6.40 | 9.07 | 9.49 | 10.34 | 10.32 |
| Free cash flow / share | 6.88 | 7.92 | 6.54 | 4.90 | 3.02 | 5.24 | 5.47 | 5.60 | 6.10 |
| Dividends / share | 3.23 | 3.48 | 3.73 | 3.97 | 4.05 | 4.26 | 4.29 | 4.62 | 4.79 |
| Payout ratio | +51.81% | +41.93% | +40.00% | +61.38% | +855.02% | +70.59% | +67.72% | +71.46% | +70.37% |
| Retention ratio | +48.19% | +58.07% | +60.00% | +38.62% | -755.02% | +29.41% | +32.28% | +28.54% | +29.63% |
Growth
Year-over-year change for headline P&L lines, plus through-cycle CAGR
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E | 8y CAGR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Top-line | ||||||||||
| Revenue · YoY | — | +17.09% | +4.50% | +1.71% | +3.46% | +4.73% | +3.74% | +5.05% | +4.98% | +5.57% |
| Gross profit · YoY | — | +16.67% | +7.11% | +2.81% | -1.42% | +8.23% | +1.94% | +5.90% | +4.95% | +5.66% |
| Profit | ||||||||||
| Operating income · YoY | — | +38.81% | +8.23% | -17.42% | -15.81% | +27.41% | +9.47% | +3.39% | +3.23% | +5.67% |
| EBITDA · YoY | — | +28.38% | +8.18% | -22.09% | -55.16% | +118.39% | +7.51% | +5.47% | -0.00% | +2.32% |
| Net income · YoY | — | +31.59% | +11.32% | -31.33% | -92.71% | +1170.41% | +5.12% | +2.70% | +4.66% | +0.65% |
| Operating | ||||||||||
| EBIT · YoY | — | +30.42% | +9.74% | -29.56% | -83.06% | +439.69% | +9.05% | +5.70% | +2.46% | +1.07% |
| R&D · YoY | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Per-share | ||||||||||
| EPS · diluted · YoY | — | +33.39% | +12.27% | -30.65% | -92.74% | +1536.26% | +8.88% | +10.59% | +18.25% | +7.30% |
| EPS · basic · YoY | — | +33.33% | +12.20% | -30.81% | -92.76% | +1547.26% | +10.01% | +8.77% | +17.82% | +7.17% |
Credit & leverage
Balance-sheet health + interest coverage + liquidity. Coverage ratios use period-end debt and trailing interest expense.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leverage | |||||||||
| Total debt | $3.2B | $4.16B | $4.89B | $5.74B | $8.27B | $6.59B | $6.97B | $7.43B | $7.84B |
| Net debt | $2.48B | $3.51B | $3.78B | $5.26B | $7.8B | $5.86B | $6.2B | $6.6B | $7B |
| Net debt / EBITDA | 1.60 | 1.76 | 1.75 | 3.13 | 10.35 | 3.56 | 3.50 | 3.54 | 3.75 |
| Debt / equity | 0.91 | 1.09 | 1.11 | 1.32 | 1.86 | 1.41 | 1.46 | 1.40 | 1.41 |
| Debt / assets | +22.29% | +25.25% | +27.19% | +29.78% | +39.79% | +32.08% | +32.65% | +32.50% | +31.96% |
| Equity / assets | +24.41% | +23.06% | +24.58% | +22.57% | +21.35% | +22.80% | +22.43% | +23.15% | +22.62% |
| Coverage | |||||||||
| EBITDA / interest expense | 25.00 | 26.99 | 33.46 | 17.36 | 4.61 | 13.82 | 14.44 | 15.02 | 13.91 |
| Operating income / interest | 18.71 | 21.85 | 27.10 | 14.90 | 7.43 | 12.99 | 13.82 | 14.10 | 13.48 |
| Interest expense | $62.15M | $73.89M | $64.47M | $96.83M | $163.51M | $119.1M | $122.56M | $124.24M | $134.16M |
| Liquidity | |||||||||
| Current ratio | 1.18 | 1.15 | 1.23 | 1.16 | 1.08 | — | — | — | — |
| Quick ratio | 0.38 | 0.37 | 0.42 | 0.31 | 0.29 | — | — | — | — |
| Cash ratio | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.14 | 0.06 | 0.05 | — | — | — | — |
| Working capital | $1.17B | $1.13B | $1.78B | $1.33B | $777.03M | — | — | — | — |
| Working capital / revenue | +6.23% | +5.12% | +7.70% | +5.65% | +3.20% | — | — | — | — |
Methodology. ROE / ROA / ROC use period-end balance-sheet denominators (no average-of- period smoothing). ROIC = Operating Income × (1 − inferred effective tax rate) over invested capital, with the effective tax inferred from net-to-operating income when both are positive and a 25% default otherwise. Net debt / EBITDA, debt ratios, and interest-coverage ratios are calculated point-in-time at each fiscal year-end. TTM = trailing 4 quarters (income / cash flow summed, balance sheet = most-recent quarterly snapshot). Through-cycle CAGR in the Growth panel uses the geometric mean of first-to-last period growth across the window (positive values only).