Ratios & metrics
Profitability, returns on capital, growth, and credit — all derived from the historical income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow rows in our data warehouse.
Valuation multiples
Price- and EV-based multiples plus shareholder yields. Snapshot at each fiscal year-end from key_metrics (FMP).
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Headline | |||||||||
| Market cap | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Enterprise value | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Multiples | |||||||||
| P / E | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| P / B | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / EBITDA | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / Sales | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / FCF | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Yields | |||||||||
| Earnings yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Free cash flow yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Dividend yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Profitability
Margin structure across the last 5 fiscal years
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Margins | |||||||||
| Gross margin | +6.96% | +7.57% | +6.47% | +7.38% | +8.37% | +7.33% | +7.28% | +7.25% | +7.24% |
| Operating margin | +4.68% | +5.13% | +2.92% | +3.78% | +4.90% | +3.93% | +3.88% | +3.89% | +3.94% |
| EBITDA margin | +5.08% | +5.51% | +3.49% | +4.32% | +5.47% | +4.33% | +4.32% | +4.32% | +4.50% |
| EBIT margin | +4.68% | +5.13% | +2.92% | +3.78% | +4.84% | +3.93% | +3.90% | +3.93% | +3.73% |
| Pre-tax margin | +4.43% | +4.72% | +2.33% | +3.27% | +4.45% | +3.38% | +3.40% | +3.34% | +3.33% |
| Net margin | +3.65% | +3.81% | +1.85% | +2.63% | +3.62% | +2.67% | +2.74% | +2.71% | +2.65% |
| Cost structure | |||||||||
| Cost of revenue / sales | +93.04% | +92.43% | +93.53% | +92.62% | +91.63% | +92.65% | +89.83% | +92.90% | +93.94% |
| R&D intensity | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | +0.25% | 0.00% | +0.08% | +0.08% | +0.08% | +0.08% |
| SG&A intensity | +2.28% | +2.44% | +3.55% | +3.61% | +3.48% | +3.49% | +3.48% | +3.45% | +3.49% |
| Effective tax rate | +17.42% | +19.39% | +20.54% | +19.60% | +18.74% | +19.37% | +19.19% | +20.01% | +19.23% |
Returns on capital
ROE / ROA / ROC / ROIC over the relevant capital base, plus the 3-step DuPont decomposition of ROE.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Returns | |||||||||
| Return on equity (ROE) | +41.75% | +69.49% | +22.92% | +27.04% | +31.81% | +27.40% | +29.02% | +28.19% | +27.17% |
| Return on assets (ROA) | +12.01% | +15.80% | +6.22% | +8.79% | +11.61% | +8.75% | +9.06% | +8.95% | +8.80% |
| Return on capital (ROC) | +25.47% | +34.10% | +15.26% | +19.32% | +22.88% | +19.83% | +19.60% | +19.32% | +19.36% |
| Return on invested capital (ROIC) | +19.87% | +25.32% | +9.64% | +13.45% | +16.90% | +13.49% | +13.84% | +13.49% | +13.02% |
| Asset turnover | +328.71% | +414.75% | +336.76% | +334.56% | +320.91% | +327.69% | +331.14% | +329.63% | +331.82% |
| DuPont · ROE decomposition | |||||||||
| Net margin | +3.65% | +3.81% | +1.85% | +2.63% | +3.62% | +2.67% | +2.74% | +2.71% | +2.65% |
| Asset turnover (× revenue / assets) | +328.71% | +414.75% | +336.76% | +334.56% | +320.91% | +327.69% | +331.14% | +329.63% | +331.82% |
| Equity multiplier (× assets / equity) | +347.59% | +439.96% | +368.32% | +307.65% | +274.07% | +313.05% | +320.16% | +315.05% | +308.79% |
Activity & efficiency
Turnover ratios and days-outstanding — how efficiently the business converts assets and working capital into sales and cash.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turnover | |||||||||
| Asset turnover | 3.29 | 4.15 | 3.37 | 3.35 | 3.21 | 3.28 | 3.31 | 3.30 | 3.32 |
| Fixed-asset turnover | 53.43 | 46.46 | 35.29 | 38.37 | 41.13 | — | — | — | — |
| Inventory turnover | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Receivables turnover | 5.23 | 7.60 | 6.84 | 6.86 | 6.45 | — | — | — | — |
| Payables turnover | 11.85 | 15.56 | 12.62 | 13.54 | 11.98 | — | — | — | — |
| Days outstanding | |||||||||
| Days sales outstanding (DSO) | 69.79 | 48.02 | 53.35 | 53.21 | 56.60 | — | — | — | — |
| Days inventory outstanding (DIO) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Days payables outstanding (DPO) | 30.80 | 23.46 | 28.92 | 26.95 | 30.46 | — | — | — | — |
| Cash conversion cycle | 38.99 | 24.57 | 24.43 | 26.26 | 26.14 | — | — | — | — |
Cash flow quality
How well reported earnings translate into operating and free cash flow, plus reinvestment intensity.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Operating CF / Net income | 0.11 | 1.75 | 2.25 | 1.09 | 1.56 | 1.60 | 1.54 | 1.55 | 1.60 |
| FCF / Net income | 0.03 | 1.62 | 1.99 | 1.04 | 1.52 | 1.51 | 1.43 | 1.47 | 1.48 |
| FCF margin | +0.10% | +6.16% | +3.68% | +2.74% | +5.51% | +4.03% | +3.92% | +4.00% | +3.93% |
| OCF margin | +0.41% | +6.68% | +4.16% | +2.87% | +5.63% | +4.27% | +4.23% | +4.21% | +4.24% |
| CapEx / Revenue | +0.31% | +0.52% | +0.48% | +0.13% | +0.12% | +0.24% | +0.25% | +0.23% | +0.24% |
| CapEx / D&A | 0.78 | 1.39 | 0.85 | 0.23 | 0.19 | — | — | — | — |
| Stock-based comp / Revenue | +0.56% | +0.37% | +0.33% | +0.48% | +0.49% | — | — | — | — |
Per-share & shareholder yield
EPS, book value, sales, cash flow and dividends per share — plus payout / retention.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EPS · diluted | 6.31 | 7.40 | 2.72 | 3.86 | 4.83 | 6.16 | 7.35 | 8.02 | 7.00 |
| EPS · basic | 6.37 | 7.48 | 2.74 | 3.89 | 4.88 | 6.20 | 7.32 | 8.00 | 7.01 |
| Book value / share | 15.11 | 10.64 | 11.85 | 14.27 | 15.19 | 13.44 | 14.12 | 15.18 | 13.90 |
| Tangible BV / share | 2.82 | -2.13 | -1.68 | 1.37 | 2.30 | 13.44 | 14.12 | 15.18 | 13.90 |
| Sales / share | 172.62 | 194.23 | 147.03 | 146.88 | 133.60 | 137.92 | 149.73 | 157.63 | 142.40 |
| Operating CF / share | 0.71 | 12.98 | 6.12 | 4.22 | 7.53 | 5.88 | 6.33 | 6.63 | 6.04 |
| Free cash flow / share | 0.18 | 11.97 | 5.41 | 4.03 | 7.37 | 5.55 | 5.88 | 6.30 | 5.60 |
| Dividends / share | 2.07 | 2.24 | 2.44 | 2.44 | 2.48 | 2.40 | 2.55 | 2.71 | 2.49 |
| Payout ratio | +32.85% | +30.34% | +89.68% | +63.30% | +51.33% | +65.15% | +62.19% | +63.31% | +65.93% |
| Retention ratio | +67.15% | +69.66% | +10.32% | +36.70% | +48.67% | +34.85% | +37.81% | +36.69% | +34.07% |
Growth
Year-over-year change for headline P&L lines, plus through-cycle CAGR
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E | 8y CAGR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Top-line | ||||||||||
| Revenue · YoY | — | +6.90% | -28.75% | +0.73% | -8.42% | +4.08% | +6.93% | +6.34% | -9.58% | -3.50% |
| Gross profit · YoY | — | +16.27% | -39.10% | +14.92% | +3.86% | -8.92% | +6.26% | +5.87% | -9.64% | -3.02% |
| Profit | ||||||||||
| Operating income · YoY | — | +17.07% | -59.38% | +30.03% | +18.80% | -16.56% | +5.58% | +6.62% | -8.28% | -5.56% |
| EBITDA · YoY | — | +15.87% | -54.87% | +24.89% | +15.93% | -17.64% | +6.58% | +6.35% | -5.73% | -4.95% |
| Net income · YoY | — | +11.40% | -65.43% | +43.23% | +26.07% | -23.14% | +9.59% | +5.44% | -11.65% | -7.29% |
| Operating | ||||||||||
| EBIT · YoY | — | +17.07% | -59.38% | +30.03% | +17.40% | -15.44% | +6.15% | +7.02% | -14.09% | -6.20% |
| R&D · YoY | — | — | — | — | -100.00% | — | +4.30% | +4.37% | -9.40% | — |
| Per-share | ||||||||||
| EPS · diluted · YoY | — | +17.27% | -63.24% | +41.91% | +25.13% | +27.55% | +19.34% | +9.05% | -12.66% | +1.31% |
| EPS · basic · YoY | — | +17.43% | -63.37% | +41.97% | +25.45% | +27.10% | +17.94% | +9.41% | -12.48% | +1.20% |
Credit & leverage
Balance-sheet health + interest coverage + liquidity. Coverage ratios use period-end debt and trailing interest expense.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leverage | |||||||||
| Total debt | $2.23B | $2.36B | $1.95B | $1.74B | $1.63B | $1.7B | $1.87B | $2.02B | $1.84B |
| Net debt | $1.97B | $2.14B | $1.81B | $1.6B | $1.47B | $1.55B | $1.71B | $1.84B | $1.69B |
| Net debt / EBITDA | 1.68 | 1.58 | 2.94 | 2.08 | 1.65 | 2.11 | 2.20 | 2.22 | 2.17 |
| Debt / equity | 1.10 | 1.74 | 1.38 | 1.01 | 0.88 | 1.03 | 1.10 | 1.09 | 1.09 |
| Debt / assets | +31.68% | +39.65% | +37.37% | +32.86% | +32.21% | +32.94% | +34.25% | +34.58% | +35.19% |
| Equity / assets | +28.77% | +22.73% | +27.15% | +32.50% | +36.49% | +31.94% | +31.23% | +31.74% | +32.38% |
| Coverage | |||||||||
| EBITDA / interest expense | 19.62 | 13.59 | 5.82 | 8.52 | 14.08 | 8.64 | 8.75 | 8.84 | 9.30 |
| Operating income / interest | 18.09 | 12.67 | 4.88 | 7.44 | 12.60 | 7.83 | 7.86 | 7.96 | 8.15 |
| Interest expense | $59.82M | $100.02M | $105.42M | $89.94M | $63.1M | $84.72M | $89.1M | $93.79M | $84.07M |
| Liquidity | |||||||||
| Current ratio | 1.44 | 1.08 | 1.40 | 1.28 | 1.53 | — | — | — | — |
| Quick ratio | 1.41 | 1.04 | 1.32 | 1.17 | 1.46 | — | — | — | — |
| Cash ratio | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.09 | — | — | — | — |
| Working capital | $1.48B | $266.39M | $828.7M | $644.71M | $966.84M | — | — | — | — |
| Working capital / revenue | +6.40% | +1.08% | +4.71% | +3.64% | +5.96% | — | — | — | — |
Methodology. ROE / ROA / ROC use period-end balance-sheet denominators (no average-of- period smoothing). ROIC = Operating Income × (1 − inferred effective tax rate) over invested capital, with the effective tax inferred from net-to-operating income when both are positive and a 25% default otherwise. Net debt / EBITDA, debt ratios, and interest-coverage ratios are calculated point-in-time at each fiscal year-end. TTM = trailing 4 quarters (income / cash flow summed, balance sheet = most-recent quarterly snapshot). Through-cycle CAGR in the Growth panel uses the geometric mean of first-to-last period growth across the window (positive values only).