Ratios & metrics
Profitability, returns on capital, growth, and credit — all derived from the historical income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow rows in our data warehouse.
Valuation multiples
Price- and EV-based multiples plus shareholder yields. Snapshot at each fiscal year-end from key_metrics (FMP).
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Headline | |||||||||
| Market cap | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Enterprise value | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Multiples | |||||||||
| P / E | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| P / B | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / EBITDA | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / Sales | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / FCF | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Yields | |||||||||
| Earnings yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Free cash flow yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Dividend yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Profitability
Margin structure across the last 5 fiscal years
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Margins | |||||||||
| Gross margin | +33.77% | +36.04% | +35.32% | +34.79% | +32.15% | +33.82% | +33.88% | +34.19% | +33.74% |
| Operating margin | +26.47% | +29.40% | +27.97% | +26.55% | +24.76% | +26.54% | +25.92% | +26.19% | +26.14% |
| EBITDA margin | +31.42% | +33.85% | +33.63% | +32.72% | +31.41% | +32.32% | +32.12% | +31.63% | +31.72% |
| EBIT margin | +26.45% | +29.40% | +28.10% | +26.79% | +24.77% | +27.19% | +26.88% | +26.95% | +26.44% |
| Pre-tax margin | +26.41% | +29.41% | +28.09% | +26.79% | +24.77% | +26.04% | +26.20% | +26.26% | +26.58% |
| Net margin | +19.68% | +22.00% | +21.13% | +20.40% | +18.63% | +20.00% | +19.82% | +19.81% | +19.73% |
| Cost structure | |||||||||
| Cost of revenue / sales | +66.23% | +63.96% | +64.68% | +65.21% | +67.85% | +65.27% | +66.60% | +64.50% | +67.00% |
| R&D intensity | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
| SG&A intensity | +4.26% | +4.14% | +4.79% | +5.33% | +4.27% | +4.83% | +4.77% | +4.89% | +4.87% |
| Effective tax rate | +25.50% | +25.21% | +24.78% | +23.85% | +24.80% | +24.22% | +25.38% | +25.29% | +25.00% |
Returns on capital
ROE / ROA / ROC / ROIC over the relevant capital base, plus the 3-step DuPont decomposition of ROE.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Returns | |||||||||
| Return on equity (ROE) | +28.11% | +37.70% | +29.11% | +27.94% | +23.75% | +26.50% | +27.02% | +26.29% | +26.49% |
| Return on assets (ROA) | +21.45% | +28.46% | +22.49% | +21.60% | +18.32% | +20.27% | +19.94% | +20.95% | +20.28% |
| Return on capital (ROC) | +36.82% | +49.05% | +37.82% | +34.99% | +30.57% | +34.13% | +34.28% | +33.74% | +34.05% |
| Return on invested capital (ROIC) | +27.37% | +36.70% | +28.57% | +26.88% | +22.99% | +25.72% | +26.21% | +25.52% | +25.70% |
| Asset turnover | +109.02% | +129.38% | +106.42% | +105.89% | +98.36% | +101.33% | +100.60% | +105.73% | +102.77% |
| DuPont · ROE decomposition | |||||||||
| Net margin | +19.68% | +22.00% | +21.13% | +20.40% | +18.63% | +20.00% | +19.82% | +19.81% | +19.73% |
| Asset turnover (× revenue / assets) | +109.02% | +129.38% | +106.42% | +105.89% | +98.36% | +101.33% | +100.60% | +105.73% | +102.77% |
| Equity multiplier (× assets / equity) | +131.03% | +132.46% | +129.47% | +129.37% | +129.62% | +130.73% | +135.52% | +125.50% | +130.63% |
Activity & efficiency
Turnover ratios and days-outstanding — how efficiently the business converts assets and working capital into sales and cash.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turnover | |||||||||
| Asset turnover | 1.09 | 1.29 | 1.06 | 1.06 | 0.98 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.06 | 1.03 |
| Fixed-asset turnover | 1.63 | 1.70 | 1.43 | 1.29 | 1.19 | — | — | — | — |
| Inventory turnover | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Receivables turnover | 8.77 | 10.35 | 9.53 | 11.02 | 11.12 | — | — | — | — |
| Payables turnover | 42.19 | 37.68 | 33.64 | 41.30 | 59.48 | — | — | — | — |
| Days outstanding | |||||||||
| Days sales outstanding (DSO) | 41.60 | 35.28 | 38.29 | 33.12 | 32.83 | — | — | — | — |
| Days inventory outstanding (DIO) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Days payables outstanding (DPO) | 8.65 | 9.69 | 10.85 | 8.84 | 6.14 | — | — | — | — |
| Cash conversion cycle | 32.95 | 25.59 | 27.44 | 24.29 | 26.69 | — | — | — | — |
Cash flow quality
How well reported earnings translate into operating and free cash flow, plus reinvestment intensity.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Operating CF / Net income | 1.17 | 1.23 | 1.27 | 1.40 | 1.34 | 1.38 | 1.34 | 1.33 | 1.36 |
| FCF / Net income | 0.64 | 0.67 | 0.65 | 0.75 | 0.93 | 0.80 | 0.79 | 0.77 | 0.78 |
| FCF margin | +12.60% | +14.64% | +13.84% | +15.27% | +17.38% | +15.91% | +15.73% | +15.33% | +15.30% |
| OCF margin | +23.07% | +27.02% | +26.75% | +28.54% | +24.93% | +27.54% | +26.61% | +26.38% | +26.84% |
| CapEx / Revenue | +10.47% | +12.38% | +12.91% | +13.26% | +7.55% | +11.00% | +11.29% | +11.56% | +11.14% |
| CapEx / D&A | 2.12 | 2.81 | 2.33 | 2.24 | 1.14 | — | — | — | — |
| Stock-based comp / Revenue | +0.29% | +0.25% | +0.19% | +0.20% | +0.23% | — | — | — | — |
Per-share & shareholder yield
EPS, book value, sales, cash flow and dividends per share — plus payout / retention.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EPS · diluted | 4.45 | 6.09 | 5.63 | 5.48 | 4.83 | 5.37 | 6.23 | 7.06 | 8.12 |
| EPS · basic | 4.47 | 6.13 | 5.66 | 5.51 | 4.85 | 5.42 | 6.25 | 7.00 | 8.23 |
| Book value / share | 15.81 | 16.15 | 19.34 | 19.61 | 20.54 | 20.57 | 21.80 | 23.68 | 25.11 |
| Tangible BV / share | 15.81 | 16.15 | 19.34 | 19.61 | 20.54 | 20.57 | 21.80 | 23.68 | 25.11 |
| Sales / share | 22.58 | 27.68 | 26.64 | 26.86 | 26.19 | 27.25 | 29.72 | 31.42 | 33.71 |
| Operating CF / share | 5.21 | 7.48 | 7.13 | 7.66 | 6.53 | 7.51 | 7.91 | 8.29 | 9.05 |
| Free cash flow / share | 2.85 | 4.05 | 3.69 | 4.10 | 4.55 | 4.34 | 4.67 | 4.82 | 5.16 |
| Dividends / share | 0.40 | 0.59 | 0.80 | 1.03 | 1.12 | 1.01 | 1.11 | 1.18 | 1.22 |
| Payout ratio | +8.93% | +9.77% | +14.13% | +18.85% | +23.02% | +18.45% | +18.89% | +18.99% | +18.35% |
| Retention ratio | +91.07% | +90.23% | +85.87% | +81.15% | +76.98% | +81.55% | +81.11% | +81.01% | +81.65% |
Growth
Year-over-year change for headline P&L lines, plus through-cycle CAGR
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E | 8y CAGR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Top-line | ||||||||||
| Revenue · YoY | — | +19.10% | -6.29% | -0.88% | -5.48% | +4.31% | +7.74% | +6.59% | +6.71% | +3.69% |
| Gross profit · YoY | — | +27.10% | -8.15% | -2.38% | -12.63% | +9.70% | +7.94% | +7.56% | +5.30% | +3.68% |
| Profit | ||||||||||
| Operating income · YoY | — | +32.27% | -10.86% | -5.89% | -11.85% | +11.81% | +5.21% | +7.71% | +6.50% | +3.53% |
| EBITDA · YoY | — | +28.31% | -6.90% | -3.56% | -9.26% | +7.32% | +7.09% | +4.95% | +7.02% | +3.82% |
| Net income · YoY | — | +33.14% | -10.00% | -4.31% | -13.69% | +12.03% | +6.73% | +6.58% | +6.27% | +3.73% |
| Operating | ||||||||||
| EBIT · YoY | — | +32.41% | -10.45% | -5.49% | -12.59% | +14.47% | +6.52% | +6.86% | +4.70% | +3.69% |
| R&D · YoY | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Per-share | ||||||||||
| EPS · diluted · YoY | — | +36.85% | -7.55% | -2.66% | -11.86% | +11.09% | +16.07% | +13.39% | +15.00% | +7.81% |
| EPS · basic · YoY | — | +37.14% | -7.67% | -2.65% | -11.98% | +11.75% | +15.22% | +12.12% | +17.48% | +7.92% |
Credit & leverage
Balance-sheet health + interest coverage + liquidity. Coverage ratios use period-end debt and trailing interest expense.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leverage | |||||||||
| Total debt | $99.95M | $99.96M | $79.98M | $168.29M | $141.4M | $131.18M | $139.67M | $150.31M | $160.02M |
| Net debt | -$362.62M | -$86.35M | -$353.82M | $59.61M | $21.3M | -$88.6M | -$96.42M | -$99.52M | -$112.77M |
| Net debt / EBITDA | -0.22 | -0.04 | -0.18 | 0.03 | 0.01 | -0.05 | -0.05 | -0.05 | -0.05 |
| Debt / equity | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 |
| Debt / assets | +2.07% | +2.07% | +1.45% | +3.06% | +2.53% | +2.32% | +2.27% | +2.41% | +2.34% |
| Equity / assets | +76.32% | +75.50% | +77.24% | +77.30% | +77.15% | +76.49% | +73.79% | +79.68% | +76.55% |
| Coverage | |||||||||
| EBITDA / interest expense | 956.28 | 1355.70 | 4251.48 | 8973.52 | 5832.06 | 5712.64 | 5568.34 | 5708.29 | 5511.58 |
| Operating income / interest | 805.79 | 1177.63 | 3535.93 | 7283.01 | 4598.13 | 4692.46 | 4493.32 | 4727.72 | 4542.40 |
| Interest expense | $1.73M | $1.56M | $464K | $212K | $296K | $324.32K | $356.33K | $364.79K | $404.34K |
| Liquidity | |||||||||
| Current ratio | 2.98 | 1.76 | 2.10 | 1.33 | 1.44 | — | — | — | — |
| Quick ratio | 2.83 | 1.59 | 1.93 | 1.18 | 1.27 | — | — | — | — |
| Cash ratio | 1.00 | 0.35 | 0.80 | 0.20 | 0.25 | — | — | — | — |
| Working capital | $919.55M | $403.95M | $598.68M | $180.15M | $210.93M | — | — | — | — |
| Working capital / revenue | +17.49% | +6.45% | +10.21% | +3.10% | +3.84% | — | — | — | — |
Methodology. ROE / ROA / ROC use period-end balance-sheet denominators (no average-of- period smoothing). ROIC = Operating Income × (1 − inferred effective tax rate) over invested capital, with the effective tax inferred from net-to-operating income when both are positive and a 25% default otherwise. Net debt / EBITDA, debt ratios, and interest-coverage ratios are calculated point-in-time at each fiscal year-end. TTM = trailing 4 quarters (income / cash flow summed, balance sheet = most-recent quarterly snapshot). Through-cycle CAGR in the Growth panel uses the geometric mean of first-to-last period growth across the window (positive values only).