Ratios & metrics
Profitability, returns on capital, growth, and credit — all derived from the historical income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow rows in our data warehouse.
Valuation multiples
Price- and EV-based multiples plus shareholder yields. Snapshot at each fiscal year-end from key_metrics (FMP).
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Headline | |||||||||
| Market cap | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Enterprise value | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Multiples | |||||||||
| P / E | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| P / B | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / EBITDA | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / Sales | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / FCF | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Yields | |||||||||
| Earnings yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Free cash flow yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Dividend yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Profitability
Margin structure across the last 5 fiscal years
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Margins | |||||||||
| Gross margin | +93.73% | +92.54% | +91.47% | +91.09% | +91.47% | +93.79% | +92.42% | +89.40% | +90.85% |
| Operating margin | +21.35% | +17.66% | +17.64% | +1.89% | +26.12% | +15.02% | +15.50% | +15.60% | +15.34% |
| EBITDA margin | +21.10% | +17.66% | +24.88% | +9.62% | +34.24% | +23.35% | +23.28% | +22.49% | +22.46% |
| EBIT margin | +19.17% | +15.67% | +22.64% | +7.52% | +32.42% | +20.76% | +21.22% | +20.41% | +20.84% |
| Pre-tax margin | +19.10% | +15.59% | +22.57% | +7.47% | +32.37% | +20.32% | +20.74% | +20.25% | +20.60% |
| Net margin | +31.76% | +10.04% | +16.17% | +0.77% | +25.03% | +13.97% | +14.17% | +13.77% | +13.65% |
| Cost structure | |||||||||
| Cost of revenue / sales | +6.27% | +7.46% | +8.53% | +8.91% | +8.53% | +8.57% | +8.43% | +8.41% | +8.84% |
| R&D intensity | +48.83% | +46.72% | +44.04% | +61.46% | +38.58% | +47.73% | +47.29% | +49.28% | +49.34% |
| SG&A intensity | +23.55% | +28.16% | +29.80% | +27.74% | +26.77% | +28.69% | +28.79% | +27.50% | +27.71% |
| Effective tax rate | -66.29% | +35.62% | +28.36% | +89.70% | +22.70% | +26.06% | +25.57% | +25.80% | +25.16% |
Returns on capital
ROE / ROA / ROC / ROIC over the relevant capital base, plus the 3-step DuPont decomposition of ROE.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Returns | |||||||||
| Return on equity (ROE) | +25.16% | +7.80% | +11.51% | +0.95% | +24.90% | +13.36% | +13.31% | +12.69% | +12.76% |
| Return on assets (ROA) | +19.23% | +5.83% | +8.81% | +0.60% | +18.49% | +9.36% | +9.33% | +9.10% | +9.19% |
| Return on capital (ROC) | +16.71% | +13.59% | +12.47% | +2.30% | +25.64% | +14.21% | +14.41% | +14.23% | +14.20% |
| Return on invested capital (ROIC) | +24.87% | +7.72% | +11.43% | +0.93% | +24.57% | +13.22% | +13.17% | +12.56% | +12.63% |
| Asset turnover | +60.53% | +58.12% | +54.49% | +77.90% | +73.89% | +67.01% | +65.81% | +66.10% | +67.32% |
| DuPont · ROE decomposition | |||||||||
| Net margin | +31.76% | +10.04% | +16.17% | +0.77% | +25.03% | +13.97% | +14.17% | +13.77% | +13.65% |
| Asset turnover (× revenue / assets) | +60.53% | +58.12% | +54.49% | +77.90% | +73.89% | +67.01% | +65.81% | +66.10% | +67.32% |
| Equity multiplier (× assets / equity) | +130.86% | +133.66% | +130.68% | +157.92% | +134.65% | +142.69% | +142.66% | +139.43% | +138.85% |
Activity & efficiency
Turnover ratios and days-outstanding — how efficiently the business converts assets and working capital into sales and cash.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turnover | |||||||||
| Asset turnover | 0.61 | 0.58 | 0.54 | 0.78 | 0.74 | 0.67 | 0.66 | 0.66 | 0.67 |
| Fixed-asset turnover | 3.97 | 4.43 | 4.76 | 5.34 | 6.78 | — | — | — | — |
| Inventory turnover | 6.71 | 6.03 | 5.00 | 6.42 | 4.34 | — | — | — | — |
| Receivables turnover | 4.85 | 5.26 | 4.97 | 4.97 | 5.02 | — | — | — | — |
| Payables turnover | 1.09 | 0.91 | 2.88 | 1.91 | 2.09 | — | — | — | — |
| Days outstanding | |||||||||
| Days sales outstanding (DSO) | 75.33 | 69.34 | 73.44 | 73.42 | 72.73 | — | — | — | — |
| Days inventory outstanding (DIO) | 54.37 | 60.50 | 72.93 | 56.89 | 84.08 | — | — | — | — |
| Days payables outstanding (DPO) | 335.34 | 399.86 | 126.94 | 190.82 | 174.66 | — | — | — | — |
| Cash conversion cycle | -205.64 | -270.02 | 19.43 | -60.50 | -17.86 | — | — | — | — |
Cash flow quality
How well reported earnings translate into operating and free cash flow, plus reinvestment intensity.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Operating CF / Net income | 0.79 | 2.85 | 0.83 | 10.28 | 1.10 | 1.18 | 1.16 | 1.16 | 1.19 |
| FCF / Net income | 0.60 | 2.62 | 0.75 | 7.64 | 1.05 | 1.09 | 1.07 | 1.08 | 1.10 |
| FCF margin | +19.04% | +26.28% | +12.15% | +5.87% | +26.35% | +15.23% | +15.12% | +14.83% | +14.95% |
| OCF margin | +25.10% | +28.57% | +13.43% | +7.91% | +27.49% | +16.48% | +16.45% | +15.99% | +16.21% |
| CapEx / Revenue | +6.06% | +2.29% | +1.28% | +2.03% | +1.14% | +1.52% | +1.52% | +1.51% | +1.53% |
| CapEx / D&A | 3.13 | 1.15 | 0.57 | 0.97 | 0.63 | — | — | — | — |
| Stock-based comp / Revenue | +6.13% | +5.55% | +5.84% | +6.27% | +4.85% | — | — | — | — |
Per-share & shareholder yield
EPS, book value, sales, cash flow and dividends per share — plus payout / retention.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EPS · diluted | 4.27 | 1.52 | 2.65 | 0.15 | 6.41 | 7.53 | 8.90 | 9.36 | 3.10 |
| EPS · basic | 4.30 | 1.53 | 2.67 | 0.16 | 6.59 | 7.72 | 9.07 | 9.56 | 3.21 |
| Book value / share | 16.98 | 19.51 | 22.97 | 16.38 | 25.75 | 28.99 | 32.75 | 34.97 | 24.28 |
| Tangible BV / share | 15.60 | 18.24 | 21.74 | 15.10 | 24.50 | 28.99 | 32.75 | 34.97 | 24.28 |
| Sales / share | 13.45 | 15.16 | 16.36 | 20.15 | 25.62 | 27.72 | 30.75 | 32.23 | 22.70 |
| Operating CF / share | 3.37 | 4.33 | 2.20 | 1.59 | 7.04 | 4.57 | 5.06 | 5.15 | 3.68 |
| Free cash flow / share | 2.56 | 3.98 | 1.99 | 1.18 | 6.75 | 4.22 | 4.65 | 4.78 | 3.39 |
| Dividends / share | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Payout ratio | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
| Retention ratio | +100.00% | +100.00% | +100.00% | +100.00% | +100.00% | +100.00% | +100.00% | +100.00% | +100.00% |
Growth
Year-over-year change for headline P&L lines, plus through-cycle CAGR
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E | 8y CAGR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Top-line | ||||||||||
| Revenue · YoY | — | +13.67% | +8.87% | +14.76% | +21.22% | +9.28% | +9.91% | +4.49% | -29.95% | +5.32% |
| Gross profit · YoY | — | +12.23% | +7.62% | +14.29% | +21.72% | +12.05% | +8.30% | +1.08% | -28.82% | +4.91% |
| Profit | ||||||||||
| Operating income · YoY | — | -5.96% | +8.71% | -87.70% | +1575.43% | -37.14% | +13.42% | +5.15% | -31.12% | +1.06% |
| EBITDA · YoY | — | -4.85% | +53.33% | -55.61% | +331.25% | -25.46% | +9.56% | +0.92% | -30.02% | +6.14% |
| Net income · YoY | — | -64.09% | +75.42% | -94.54% | +3844.96% | -38.99% | +11.48% | +1.52% | -30.56% | -5.24% |
| Operating | ||||||||||
| EBIT · YoY | — | -7.09% | +57.35% | -61.89% | +422.68% | -30.01% | +12.31% | +0.51% | -28.49% | +6.42% |
| R&D · YoY | — | +8.76% | +2.63% | +60.17% | -23.91% | +35.19% | +8.90% | +8.88% | -29.87% | +5.45% |
| Per-share | ||||||||||
| EPS · diluted · YoY | — | -64.40% | +74.34% | -94.34% | +4173.33% | +17.49% | +18.23% | +5.08% | -66.86% | -3.92% |
| EPS · basic · YoY | — | -64.42% | +74.51% | -94.01% | +4018.75% | +17.20% | +17.45% | +5.41% | -66.43% | -3.59% |
Credit & leverage
Balance-sheet health + interest coverage + liquidity. Coverage ratios use period-end debt and trailing interest expense.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leverage | |||||||||
| Total debt | $44.82M | $41.46M | $38.29M | $43.54M | $69.43M | $63.49M | $69.4M | $74.07M | $50.37M |
| Net debt | -$2.01B | -$2.91B | -$3.18B | -$1.64B | -$3.03B | -$3.53B | -$3.67B | -$3.93B | -$2.82B |
| Net debt / EBITDA | -3.19 | -4.85 | -3.45 | -4.03 | -1.72 | -2.69 | -2.56 | -2.71 | -2.78 |
| Debt / equity | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
| Debt / assets | +0.91% | +0.71% | +0.56% | +0.80% | +1.00% | +0.76% | +0.74% | +0.76% | +0.75% |
| Equity / assets | +76.42% | +74.82% | +76.52% | +63.33% | +74.27% | +70.08% | +70.09% | +71.72% | +72.02% |
| Coverage | |||||||||
| EBITDA / interest expense | 330.29 | 224.92 | 360.42 | 179.02 | 724.94 | 414.97 | 408.27 | 400.33 | 388.46 |
| Operating income / interest | 334.14 | 224.89 | 255.50 | 35.15 | 553.03 | 266.96 | 271.91 | 277.79 | 265.33 |
| Interest expense | $1.91M | $2.67M | $2.55M | $2.28M | $2.43M | $3.16M | $3.52M | $3.62M | $2.61M |
| Liquidity | |||||||||
| Current ratio | 3.65 | 3.54 | 3.75 | 1.97 | 3.32 | — | — | — | — |
| Quick ratio | 3.47 | 3.36 | 3.55 | 1.83 | 3.04 | — | — | — | — |
| Cash ratio | 2.41 | 2.55 | 2.59 | 1.03 | 2.04 | — | — | — | — |
| Working capital | $2.26B | $2.94B | $3.41B | $1.6B | $3.51B | — | — | — | — |
| Working capital / revenue | +75.83% | +86.48% | +92.14% | +37.66% | +68.25% | — | — | — | — |
Methodology. ROE / ROA / ROC use period-end balance-sheet denominators (no average-of- period smoothing). ROIC = Operating Income × (1 − inferred effective tax rate) over invested capital, with the effective tax inferred from net-to-operating income when both are positive and a 25% default otherwise. Net debt / EBITDA, debt ratios, and interest-coverage ratios are calculated point-in-time at each fiscal year-end. TTM = trailing 4 quarters (income / cash flow summed, balance sheet = most-recent quarterly snapshot). Through-cycle CAGR in the Growth panel uses the geometric mean of first-to-last period growth across the window (positive values only).