Ratios & metrics
Profitability, returns on capital, growth, and credit — all derived from the historical income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow rows in our data warehouse.
Valuation multiples
Price- and EV-based multiples plus shareholder yields. Snapshot at each fiscal year-end from key_metrics (FMP).
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Headline | ||||||||
| Market cap | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Enterprise value | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Multiples | ||||||||
| P / E | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| P / B | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / EBITDA | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / Sales | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / FCF | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Yields | ||||||||
| Earnings yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Free cash flow yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Dividend yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Profitability
Margin structure across the last 5 fiscal years
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Margins | ||||||||
| Gross margin | +27.46% | +29.74% | +35.14% | +33.83% | +35.46% | +34.84% | +34.10% | +33.77% |
| Operating margin | +12.69% | +14.33% | +19.33% | +19.39% | +20.83% | +20.08% | +19.71% | +20.03% |
| EBITDA margin | +15.81% | +17.28% | +21.77% | +22.94% | +23.00% | +22.26% | +22.12% | +23.05% |
| EBIT margin | +12.26% | +14.28% | +18.98% | +19.17% | +20.52% | +19.77% | +19.96% | +19.04% |
| Pre-tax margin | +10.95% | +13.28% | +18.30% | +17.86% | +19.15% | +18.45% | +18.87% | +18.31% |
| Net margin | +9.53% | +11.03% | +14.14% | +13.82% | +15.18% | +14.78% | +14.78% | +14.79% |
| Cost structure | ||||||||
| Cost of revenue / sales | +72.54% | +70.26% | +64.86% | +66.17% | +64.54% | +66.46% | +65.48% | +66.94% |
| R&D intensity | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
| SG&A intensity | +14.76% | +15.41% | +15.81% | +14.44% | +14.63% | +14.92% | +14.73% | +14.59% |
| Effective tax rate | +19.20% | +21.34% | +22.10% | +22.06% | +20.30% | +21.18% | +20.76% | +21.91% |
Returns on capital
ROE / ROA / ROC / ROIC over the relevant capital base, plus the 3-step DuPont decomposition of ROE.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Returns | ||||||||
| Return on equity (ROE) | +17.83% | +23.03% | +26.30% | +23.69% | +22.99% | +25.00% | +24.98% | +24.91% |
| Return on assets (ROA) | +7.56% | +10.10% | +10.99% | +11.65% | +10.78% | +11.14% | +11.52% | +11.49% |
| Return on capital (ROC) | +14.11% | +18.05% | +20.05% | +21.82% | +18.83% | +20.44% | +20.05% | +20.50% |
| Return on invested capital (ROIC) | +10.59% | +13.90% | +14.67% | +15.55% | +13.72% | +15.04% | +15.03% | +15.14% |
| Asset turnover | +79.41% | +91.58% | +77.71% | +84.27% | +71.03% | +75.39% | +77.94% | +77.67% |
| DuPont · ROE decomposition | ||||||||
| Net margin | +9.53% | +11.03% | +14.14% | +13.82% | +15.18% | +14.78% | +14.78% | +14.79% |
| Asset turnover (× revenue / assets) | +79.41% | +91.58% | +77.71% | +84.27% | +71.03% | +75.39% | +77.94% | +77.67% |
| Equity multiplier (× assets / equity) | +235.71% | +227.90% | +239.30% | +203.46% | +213.30% | +224.39% | +216.90% | +216.85% |
Activity & efficiency
Turnover ratios and days-outstanding — how efficiently the business converts assets and working capital into sales and cash.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turnover | ||||||||
| Asset turnover | 0.79 | 0.92 | 0.78 | 0.84 | 0.71 | 0.75 | 0.78 | 0.78 |
| Fixed-asset turnover | 9.13 | 9.37 | 8.23 | 7.75 | 6.95 | — | — | — |
| Inventory turnover | 4.60 | 4.69 | 4.18 | 4.42 | 3.48 | — | — | — |
| Receivables turnover | 6.21 | 6.67 | 6.84 | 7.45 | 6.82 | — | — | — |
| Payables turnover | 5.71 | 6.56 | 6.18 | 6.88 | 6.61 | — | — | — |
| Days outstanding | ||||||||
| Days sales outstanding (DSO) | 58.77 | 54.71 | 53.35 | 49.03 | 53.51 | — | — | — |
| Days inventory outstanding (DIO) | 79.43 | 77.77 | 87.24 | 82.50 | 104.88 | — | — | — |
| Days payables outstanding (DPO) | 63.92 | 55.64 | 59.02 | 53.09 | 55.21 | — | — | — |
| Cash conversion cycle | 74.28 | 76.84 | 81.57 | 78.44 | 103.19 | — | — | — |
Cash flow quality
How well reported earnings translate into operating and free cash flow, plus reinvestment intensity.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Operating CF / Net income | 1.36 | 1.07 | 1.16 | 1.27 | 1.16 | 1.17 | 1.17 | 1.16 |
| FCF / Net income | 1.14 | 0.83 | 0.94 | 1.04 | 0.99 | 0.95 | 0.96 | 0.93 |
| FCF margin | +10.82% | +9.17% | +13.31% | +14.41% | +14.97% | +14.06% | +14.20% | +13.82% |
| OCF margin | +12.97% | +11.79% | +16.39% | +17.61% | +17.62% | +17.28% | +17.33% | +17.15% |
| CapEx / Revenue | +2.15% | +2.61% | +3.08% | +3.21% | +2.65% | +2.97% | +2.98% | +2.97% |
| CapEx / D&A | 0.60 | 0.87 | 1.11 | 0.85 | 0.75 | — | — | — |
| Stock-based comp / Revenue | +0.42% | +0.50% | +0.49% | +0.54% | +0.56% | — | — | — |
Per-share & shareholder yield
EPS, book value, sales, cash flow and dividends per share — plus payout / retention.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EPS · diluted | 7.28 | 9.43 | 14.04 | 14.37 | 16.54 | 19.76 | 21.74 | 23.60 |
| EPS · basic | 7.34 | 9.49 | 14.14 | 14.46 | 16.63 | 20.17 | 22.14 | 23.86 |
| Book value / share | 40.96 | 43.82 | 53.51 | 60.79 | 72.02 | 70.23 | 75.33 | 79.00 |
| Tangible BV / share | -5.71 | -4.99 | -15.56 | -5.52 | -11.15 | 70.23 | 75.33 | 79.00 |
| Sales / share | 76.67 | 91.46 | 99.50 | 104.23 | 109.11 | 118.81 | 127.35 | 133.06 |
| Operating CF / share | 9.94 | 10.78 | 16.31 | 18.36 | 19.23 | 20.53 | 22.07 | 22.82 |
| Free cash flow / share | 8.29 | 8.39 | 13.24 | 15.01 | 16.33 | 16.70 | 18.09 | 18.38 |
| Dividends / share | 3.97 | 4.24 | 4.55 | 4.95 | 5.35 | 5.56 | 5.93 | 6.39 |
| Payout ratio | +54.29% | +42.06% | +32.31% | +34.37% | +32.31% | +31.68% | +31.50% | +32.44% |
| Retention ratio | +45.71% | +57.94% | +67.69% | +65.63% | +67.69% | +68.32% | +68.50% | +67.56% |
Growth
Year-over-year change for headline P&L lines, plus through-cycle CAGR
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 7y CAGR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Top-line | |||||||||
| Revenue · YoY | — | +17.97% | +8.59% | +4.76% | +3.84% | +9.61% | +5.84% | +5.22% | +7.88% |
| Gross profit · YoY | — | +27.80% | +28.30% | +0.85% | +8.85% | +7.67% | +3.59% | +4.21% | +11.12% |
| Profit | |||||||||
| Operating income · YoY | — | +33.21% | +46.45% | +5.11% | +11.52% | +5.67% | +3.90% | +6.90% | +15.15% |
| EBITDA · YoY | — | +28.95% | +36.79% | +10.39% | +4.10% | +6.07% | +5.21% | +9.62% | +13.85% |
| Net income · YoY | — | +36.65% | +39.18% | +2.37% | +14.05% | +6.73% | +5.82% | +5.32% | +14.88% |
| Operating | |||||||||
| EBIT · YoY | — | +37.47% | +44.35% | +5.79% | +11.17% | +5.56% | +6.89% | +0.37% | +14.89% |
| R&D · YoY | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Per-share | |||||||||
| EPS · diluted · YoY | — | +29.53% | +48.89% | +2.35% | +15.10% | +19.45% | +10.03% | +8.58% | +18.30% |
| EPS · basic · YoY | — | +29.29% | +49.00% | +2.26% | +15.01% | +21.28% | +9.75% | +7.77% | +18.34% |
Credit & leverage
Balance-sheet health + interest coverage + liquidity. Coverage ratios use period-end debt and trailing interest expense.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leverage | ||||||||
| Total debt | $1.53B | $1.56B | $2.29B | $1.72B | $2.61B | $2.51B | $2.66B | $2.73B |
| Net debt | $1.24B | $1.12B | $1.95B | $1.39B | $2.13B | $2.08B | $2.19B | $2.26B |
| Net debt / EBITDA | 1.88 | 1.31 | 1.67 | 1.08 | 1.58 | 1.46 | 1.46 | 1.37 |
| Debt / equity | 0.68 | 0.66 | 0.79 | 0.52 | 0.68 | 0.66 | 0.66 | 0.65 |
| Debt / assets | +28.98% | +28.84% | +33.12% | +25.75% | +31.70% | +29.50% | +30.53% | +29.77% |
| Equity / assets | +42.43% | +43.88% | +41.79% | +49.15% | +46.88% | +44.57% | +46.10% | +46.11% |
| Coverage | ||||||||
| EBITDA / interest expense | 12.12 | 17.24 | 31.87 | 17.50 | 20.97 | 21.39 | 21.46 | 22.77 |
| Operating income / interest | 9.73 | 14.30 | 28.30 | 14.79 | 18.99 | 19.30 | 19.12 | 19.78 |
| Interest expense | $54.7M | $49.6M | $36.7M | $73.8M | $64.1M | $66.66M | $69.9M | $72.23M |
| Liquidity | ||||||||
| Current ratio | 1.76 | 1.86 | 1.64 | 1.64 | 1.72 | — | — | — |
| Quick ratio | 0.91 | 1.10 | 0.86 | 0.86 | 0.90 | — | — | — |
| Cash ratio | 0.27 | 0.40 | 0.25 | 0.26 | 0.32 | — | — | — |
| Working capital | $814.1M | $932.9M | $843.8M | $815.1M | $1.09B | — | — | — |
| Working capital / revenue | +19.41% | +18.85% | +15.70% | +14.48% | +18.57% | — | — | — |
Methodology. ROE / ROA / ROC use period-end balance-sheet denominators (no average-of- period smoothing). ROIC = Operating Income × (1 − inferred effective tax rate) over invested capital, with the effective tax inferred from net-to-operating income when both are positive and a 25% default otherwise. Net debt / EBITDA, debt ratios, and interest-coverage ratios are calculated point-in-time at each fiscal year-end. TTM = trailing 4 quarters (income / cash flow summed, balance sheet = most-recent quarterly snapshot). Through-cycle CAGR in the Growth panel uses the geometric mean of first-to-last period growth across the window (positive values only).