Ratios & metrics
Profitability, returns on capital, growth, and credit — all derived from the historical income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow rows in our data warehouse.
Valuation multiples
Price- and EV-based multiples plus shareholder yields. Snapshot at each fiscal year-end from key_metrics (FMP).
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Headline | ||||||||
| Market cap | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Enterprise value | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Multiples | ||||||||
| P / E | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| P / B | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / EBITDA | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / Sales | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / FCF | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Yields | ||||||||
| Earnings yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Free cash flow yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Dividend yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Profitability
Margin structure across the last 5 fiscal years
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Margins | ||||||||
| Gross margin | +21.39% | +21.83% | +22.44% | +22.89% | +19.81% | +21.63% | +21.55% | +22.14% |
| Operating margin | +13.57% | +15.40% | +14.45% | +16.60% | +15.87% | +15.89% | +15.22% | +15.44% |
| EBITDA margin | +16.50% | +17.07% | +15.33% | +16.28% | +16.13% | +15.74% | +15.88% | +16.06% |
| EBIT margin | +15.12% | +16.57% | +15.50% | +17.53% | +16.35% | +15.99% | +16.47% | +16.94% |
| Pre-tax margin | +13.57% | +15.40% | +14.45% | +16.60% | +15.51% | +15.57% | +15.29% | +15.15% |
| Net margin | +10.81% | +12.37% | +11.38% | +12.88% | +12.10% | +12.38% | +11.96% | +12.34% |
| Cost structure | ||||||||
| Cost of revenue / sales | +78.61% | +78.17% | +77.56% | +77.11% | +80.19% | +79.46% | +76.91% | +79.89% |
| R&D intensity | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
| SG&A intensity | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
| Effective tax rate | +19.63% | +19.46% | +21.12% | +22.52% | +21.74% | +22.02% | +21.81% | +21.78% |
Returns on capital
ROE / ROA / ROC / ROIC over the relevant capital base, plus the 3-step DuPont decomposition of ROE.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Returns | ||||||||
| Return on equity (ROE) | +15.33% | +20.41% | +18.49% | +20.89% | +18.32% | +19.55% | +18.67% | +19.14% |
| Return on assets (ROA) | +3.19% | +4.08% | +3.71% | +4.33% | +4.04% | +4.00% | +3.87% | +4.01% |
| Return on capital (ROC) | +12.91% | +17.90% | +17.01% | +20.13% | +18.60% | +18.84% | +17.86% | +18.13% |
| Return on invested capital (ROIC) | +10.29% | +14.38% | +13.40% | +15.61% | +14.18% | +14.68% | +14.03% | +14.49% |
| Asset turnover | +29.47% | +32.98% | +32.64% | +33.62% | +33.37% | +32.30% | +32.33% | +32.48% |
| DuPont · ROE decomposition | ||||||||
| Net margin | +10.81% | +12.37% | +11.38% | +12.88% | +12.10% | +12.38% | +11.96% | +12.34% |
| Asset turnover (× revenue / assets) | +29.47% | +32.98% | +32.64% | +33.62% | +33.37% | +32.30% | +32.33% | +32.48% |
| Equity multiplier (× assets / equity) | +481.22% | +500.30% | +498.07% | +482.52% | +453.78% | +489.06% | +483.02% | +477.70% |
Activity & efficiency
Turnover ratios and days-outstanding — how efficiently the business converts assets and working capital into sales and cash.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turnover | ||||||||
| Asset turnover | 0.29 | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.34 | 0.33 | 0.32 | 0.32 | 0.32 |
| Fixed-asset turnover | 22.52 | 26.38 | 28.45 | 28.50 | 24.66 | — | — | — |
| Inventory turnover | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Receivables turnover | 1.69 | 1.74 | 1.70 | 1.90 | 2.03 | — | — | — |
| Payables turnover | 13.07 | 16.69 | 14.92 | 15.73 | 19.15 | — | — | — |
| Days outstanding | ||||||||
| Days sales outstanding (DSO) | 215.88 | 209.42 | 215.29 | 191.83 | 179.45 | — | — | — |
| Days inventory outstanding (DIO) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Days payables outstanding (DPO) | 27.92 | 21.88 | 24.46 | 23.21 | 19.06 | — | — | — |
| Cash conversion cycle | 187.96 | 187.54 | 190.83 | 168.62 | 160.39 | — | — | — |
Cash flow quality
How well reported earnings translate into operating and free cash flow, plus reinvestment intensity.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Operating CF / Net income | 2.14 | 1.86 | 2.12 | 2.09 | 2.05 | 1.99 | 2.16 | 2.03 |
| FCF / Net income | 2.07 | 1.82 | 2.08 | 2.03 | 1.95 | 2.01 | 2.09 | 1.98 |
| FCF margin | +22.39% | +22.53% | +23.69% | +26.20% | +23.59% | +24.87% | +25.00% | +24.46% |
| OCF margin | +23.10% | +23.00% | +24.12% | +26.97% | +24.75% | +24.61% | +25.82% | +25.07% |
| CapEx / Revenue | +0.70% | +0.47% | +0.44% | +0.77% | +1.16% | +0.80% | +0.77% | +0.81% |
| CapEx / D&A | 0.51 | 0.94 | -2.54 | -0.62 | -3.53 | — | — | — |
| Stock-based comp / Revenue | +0.49% | +0.44% | +0.42% | +0.40% | 0.00% | — | — | — |
Per-share & shareholder yield
EPS, book value, sales, cash flow and dividends per share — plus payout / retention.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EPS · diluted | 2.44 | 3.29 | 3.37 | 4.36 | 4.45 | 4.68 | 4.82 | 5.15 |
| EPS · basic | 2.46 | 3.33 | 3.40 | 4.39 | 4.48 | 4.71 | 4.87 | 5.22 |
| Book value / share | 15.89 | 16.15 | 18.22 | 20.85 | 24.33 | 20.43 | 21.48 | 22.70 |
| Tangible BV / share | 13.87 | 13.88 | 15.69 | 18.03 | 21.36 | 20.43 | 21.48 | 22.70 |
| Sales / share | 22.53 | 26.64 | 29.62 | 33.82 | 36.84 | 32.27 | 33.54 | 35.22 |
| Operating CF / share | 5.20 | 6.13 | 7.15 | 9.12 | 9.12 | 7.94 | 8.66 | 8.83 |
| Free cash flow / share | 5.05 | 6.00 | 7.02 | 8.86 | 8.69 | 8.03 | 8.39 | 8.62 |
| Dividends / share | 0.85 | 0.56 | 1.22 | 1.32 | 1.75 | 1.34 | 1.43 | 1.51 |
| Payout ratio | +34.79% | +17.03% | +36.30% | +30.29% | +39.35% | +33.57% | +35.75% | +34.75% |
| Retention ratio | +65.21% | +82.97% | +63.70% | +69.71% | +60.65% | +66.43% | +64.25% | +65.25% |
Growth
Year-over-year change for headline P&L lines, plus through-cycle CAGR
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 7y CAGR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Top-line | |||||||||
| Revenue · YoY | — | +18.10% | +8.74% | +12.32% | +7.82% | -12.77% | +4.23% | +5.01% | +5.81% |
| Gross profit · YoY | — | +20.53% | +11.75% | +14.58% | -6.66% | -4.76% | +3.81% | +7.88% | +6.33% |
| Profit | |||||||||
| Operating income · YoY | — | +34.05% | +2.02% | +29.07% | +3.08% | -12.71% | -0.15% | +6.54% | +7.78% |
| EBITDA · YoY | — | +22.19% | -2.36% | +19.33% | +6.82% | -14.91% | +5.22% | +6.18% | +5.41% |
| Net income · YoY | — | +35.07% | +0.02% | +27.13% | +1.33% | -10.77% | +0.69% | +8.35% | +7.82% |
| Operating | |||||||||
| EBIT · YoY | — | +29.37% | +1.72% | +27.08% | +0.57% | -14.70% | +7.34% | +8.01% | +7.54% |
| R&D · YoY | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Per-share | |||||||||
| EPS · diluted · YoY | — | +34.84% | +2.43% | +29.38% | +2.06% | +5.26% | +2.92% | +6.85% | +11.27% |
| EPS · basic · YoY | — | +35.37% | +2.10% | +29.12% | +2.05% | +5.14% | +3.31% | +7.22% | +11.34% |
Credit & leverage
Balance-sheet health + interest coverage + liquidity. Coverage ratios use period-end debt and trailing interest expense.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leverage | ||||||||
| Total debt | $3.27B | $2.84B | $2.84B | $2.84B | $2.84B | $2.7B | $2.83B | $2.91B |
| Net debt | $1.7B | $1.39B | $1.48B | $866.22M | $299.79M | $908.73M | $868.49M | $940.39M |
| Net debt / EBITDA | 1.09 | 0.73 | 0.79 | 0.39 | 0.13 | 0.45 | 0.41 | 0.42 |
| Debt / equity | 0.49 | 0.42 | 0.38 | 0.34 | 0.29 | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.32 |
| Debt / assets | +10.18% | +8.38% | +7.64% | +7.00% | +6.44% | +6.79% | +6.84% | +6.73% |
| Equity / assets | +20.78% | +19.99% | +20.08% | +20.72% | +22.04% | +20.45% | +20.70% | +20.93% |
| Coverage | ||||||||
| EBITDA / interest expense | 10.60 | 14.62 | 14.60 | 17.50 | 18.69 | 16.42 | 16.42 | 17.46 |
| Operating income / interest | 8.72 | 13.19 | 13.76 | 17.84 | 18.40 | 16.57 | 15.73 | 16.78 |
| Interest expense | $147.18M | $130.37M | $127.46M | $126.91M | $126.89M | $122.93M | $129.32M | $129.15M |
| Liquidity | ||||||||
| Current ratio | 1.40 | 1.34 | 1.36 | 1.37 | 1.39 | — | — | — |
| Quick ratio | 1.36 | 1.31 | 1.33 | 1.34 | 1.36 | — | — | — |
| Cash ratio | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.10 | — | — | — |
| Working capital | $7.32B | $6.91B | $8.03B | $9.04B | $10.35B | — | — | — |
| Working capital / revenue | +77.38% | +61.90% | +66.10% | +66.28% | +70.38% | — | — | — |
Methodology. ROE / ROA / ROC use period-end balance-sheet denominators (no average-of- period smoothing). ROIC = Operating Income × (1 − inferred effective tax rate) over invested capital, with the effective tax inferred from net-to-operating income when both are positive and a 25% default otherwise. Net debt / EBITDA, debt ratios, and interest-coverage ratios are calculated point-in-time at each fiscal year-end. TTM = trailing 4 quarters (income / cash flow summed, balance sheet = most-recent quarterly snapshot). Through-cycle CAGR in the Growth panel uses the geometric mean of first-to-last period growth across the window (positive values only).