Ratios & metrics
Profitability, returns on capital, growth, and credit — all derived from the historical income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow rows in our data warehouse.
Valuation multiples
Price- and EV-based multiples plus shareholder yields. Snapshot at each fiscal year-end from key_metrics (FMP).
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Headline | ||||||||
| Market cap | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Enterprise value | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Multiples | ||||||||
| P / E | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| P / B | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / EBITDA | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / Sales | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / FCF | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Yields | ||||||||
| Earnings yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Free cash flow yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Dividend yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Profitability
Margin structure across the last 5 fiscal years
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Margins | ||||||||
| Gross margin | +45.36% | +43.49% | +46.11% | +41.82% | +44.27% | +44.35% | +44.66% | +44.17% |
| Operating margin | +21.75% | +16.28% | +19.54% | +21.33% | +18.57% | +19.23% | +19.46% | +19.43% |
| EBITDA margin | +30.45% | +26.27% | +29.80% | +29.51% | +27.69% | +29.18% | +28.74% | +28.82% |
| EBIT margin | +21.75% | +16.28% | +20.72% | +21.60% | +19.34% | +19.11% | +19.16% | +20.00% |
| Pre-tax margin | +20.02% | +15.66% | +20.78% | +20.24% | +19.27% | +19.35% | +19.39% | +18.52% |
| Net margin | +16.28% | +12.57% | +15.99% | +14.56% | +14.60% | +14.47% | +14.44% | +14.41% |
| Cost structure | ||||||||
| Cost of revenue / sales | +54.64% | +56.51% | +53.89% | +58.18% | +57.11% | +54.98% | +56.46% | +55.32% |
| R&D intensity | +6.92% | +7.51% | +7.17% | +4.67% | +6.26% | +6.49% | +6.36% | +6.28% |
| SG&A intensity | +10.89% | +13.21% | +14.23% | +5.76% | +11.32% | +11.19% | +10.83% | +10.77% |
| Effective tax rate | +15.86% | +15.66% | +19.64% | +24.22% | +19.21% | +19.00% | +18.97% | +19.87% |
Returns on capital
ROE / ROA / ROC / ROIC over the relevant capital base, plus the 3-step DuPont decomposition of ROE.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Returns | ||||||||
| Return on equity (ROE) | — | +4.53% | +6.36% | +9.39% | +6.49% | +6.23% | +6.43% | +6.48% |
| Return on assets (ROA) | — | +4.05% | +5.65% | +4.92% | +4.94% | +4.85% | +4.79% | +4.94% |
| Return on capital (ROC) | — | +5.76% | +7.64% | +8.21% | +7.09% | +7.09% | +7.38% | +7.43% |
| Return on invested capital (ROIC) | — | +4.45% | +6.25% | +5.61% | +5.57% | +5.34% | +5.47% | +5.51% |
| Asset turnover | — | +32.24% | +35.32% | +33.79% | +33.82% | +33.51% | +33.17% | +34.31% |
| DuPont · ROE decomposition | ||||||||
| Net margin | +16.28% | +12.57% | +15.99% | +14.56% | +14.60% | +14.47% | +14.44% | +14.41% |
| Asset turnover (× revenue / assets) | — | +32.24% | +35.32% | +33.79% | +33.82% | +33.51% | +33.17% | +34.31% |
| Equity multiplier (× assets / equity) | — | +111.91% | +112.64% | +191.01% | +131.44% | +128.59% | +134.24% | +131.07% |
Activity & efficiency
Turnover ratios and days-outstanding — how efficiently the business converts assets and working capital into sales and cash.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turnover | ||||||||
| Asset turnover | — | 0.32 | 0.35 | 0.34 | 0.34 | 0.34 | 0.33 | 0.34 |
| Fixed-asset turnover | — | 2.37 | 2.59 | 1.51 | — | — | — | — |
| Inventory turnover | — | 4.27 | 3.91 | 4.18 | — | — | — | — |
| Receivables turnover | — | 6.14 | 6.36 | 4.79 | — | — | — | — |
| Payables turnover | — | 5.92 | 5.19 | 4.07 | — | — | — | — |
| Days outstanding | ||||||||
| Days sales outstanding (DSO) | — | 59.43 | 57.42 | 76.16 | — | — | — | — |
| Days inventory outstanding (DIO) | — | 85.49 | 93.28 | 87.23 | — | — | — | — |
| Days payables outstanding (DPO) | — | 61.63 | 70.31 | 89.73 | — | — | — | — |
| Cash conversion cycle | — | 83.28 | 80.39 | 73.66 | — | — | — | — |
Cash flow quality
How well reported earnings translate into operating and free cash flow, plus reinvestment intensity.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Operating CF / Net income | 1.49 | 1.74 | 1.53 | 1.84 | 1.65 | 1.71 | 1.70 | 1.73 |
| FCF / Net income | 1.23 | 1.28 | 1.24 | 1.43 | 1.28 | 1.27 | 1.32 | 1.32 |
| FCF margin | +20.00% | +16.13% | +19.86% | +20.78% | +18.66% | +18.39% | +19.08% | +19.00% |
| OCF margin | +24.25% | +21.86% | +24.48% | +26.78% | +24.05% | +24.67% | +24.50% | +24.92% |
| CapEx / Revenue | +4.25% | +5.72% | +4.61% | +5.99% | +5.49% | +5.31% | +5.44% | +5.55% |
| CapEx / D&A | 0.49 | 0.57 | 0.51 | — | — | — | — | — |
| Stock-based comp / Revenue | +0.25% | +0.32% | +0.30% | 0.00% | — | — | — | — |
Per-share & shareholder yield
EPS, book value, sales, cash flow and dividends per share — plus payout / retention.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EPS · diluted | 3.70 | 2.42 | 3.31 | 3.30 | 4.09 | 4.74 | 5.13 | 5.27 |
| EPS · basic | 3.70 | 2.42 | 3.31 | 3.30 | 4.04 | 4.80 | 5.13 | 5.22 |
| Book value / share | — | 53.40 | 52.03 | 35.16 | 56.72 | 64.39 | 65.55 | 69.75 |
| Tangible BV / share | — | 10.47 | 10.65 | -6.05 | 56.72 | 64.39 | 65.55 | 69.75 |
| Sales / share | 22.70 | 19.27 | 20.70 | 22.69 | 25.21 | 27.75 | 29.19 | 31.37 |
| Operating CF / share | 5.51 | 4.21 | 5.07 | 6.08 | 6.06 | 6.84 | 7.15 | 7.82 |
| Free cash flow / share | 4.54 | 3.11 | 4.11 | 4.72 | 4.70 | 5.10 | 5.57 | 5.96 |
| Dividends / share | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 |
| Payout ratio | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | +1.88% | +0.63% | +0.65% | +0.61% | +0.63% |
| Retention ratio | +100.00% | +100.00% | +100.00% | +98.12% | +99.37% | +99.35% | +99.39% | +99.37% |
Growth
Year-over-year change for headline P&L lines, plus through-cycle CAGR
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E | 7y CAGR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Top-line | |||||||||
| Revenue · YoY | — | -15.14% | +7.43% | +9.67% | +11.97% | +8.72% | +6.15% | +6.89% | +4.72% |
| Gross profit · YoY | — | -18.64% | +13.90% | -0.55% | +18.54% | +8.92% | +6.89% | +5.70% | +4.32% |
| Profit | |||||||||
| Operating income · YoY | — | -36.46% | +28.92% | +19.72% | -2.50% | +12.57% | +7.44% | +6.68% | +3.04% |
| EBITDA · YoY | — | -26.80% | +21.89% | +8.59% | +5.05% | +14.56% | +4.57% | +7.19% | +3.90% |
| Net income · YoY | — | -34.50% | +36.69% | -0.14% | +12.32% | +7.73% | +5.93% | +6.65% | +2.91% |
| Operating | |||||||||
| EBIT · YoY | — | -36.46% | +36.68% | +14.37% | +0.22% | +7.45% | +6.42% | +11.55% | +3.47% |
| R&D · YoY | — | -7.90% | +2.64% | -28.62% | +50.14% | +12.64% | +4.14% | +5.54% | +3.29% |
| Per-share | |||||||||
| EPS · diluted · YoY | — | -34.50% | +36.69% | -0.27% | +23.98% | +15.95% | +8.18% | +2.69% | +5.20% |
| EPS · basic · YoY | — | -34.50% | +36.69% | -0.27% | +22.52% | +18.61% | +6.99% | +1.80% | +5.07% |
Credit & leverage
Balance-sheet health + interest coverage + liquidity. Coverage ratios use period-end debt and trailing interest expense.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leverage | ||||||||
| Total debt | — | $222M | $191M | $4.98B | $1.98B | $2.26B | $2.42B | $2.58B |
| Net debt | — | $83M | $25M | $4.07B | $1.52B | $1.73B | $1.86B | $2B |
| Net debt / EBITDA | — | 0.08 | 0.02 | 2.90 | 1.03 | 1.03 | 1.05 | 1.06 |
| Debt / equity | — | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.68 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.18 |
| Debt / assets | — | +1.77% | +1.56% | +35.39% | +12.55% | +13.08% | +13.05% | +13.46% |
| Equity / assets | — | +89.36% | +88.78% | +52.35% | +76.08% | +77.77% | +74.49% | +76.30% |
| Coverage | ||||||||
| EBITDA / interest expense | — | — | 4.61 | 21.58 | 10.85 | 11.18 | 10.82 | 11.09 |
| Operating income / interest | — | — | 3.02 | 15.60 | 7.28 | 7.37 | 7.33 | 7.48 |
| Interest expense | $0 | $0 | $280M | $65M | $135.89M | $151.04M | $163.14M | $170.61M |
| Liquidity | ||||||||
| Current ratio | — | 2.01 | 1.77 | 1.95 | — | — | — | — |
| Quick ratio | — | 1.18 | 1.01 | 1.41 | — | — | — | — |
| Cash ratio | — | 0.21 | 0.20 | 0.67 | — | — | — | — |
| Working capital | — | $687M | $644M | $1.28B | — | — | — | — |
| Working capital / revenue | — | +17.03% | +14.86% | +26.97% | — | — | — | — |
Methodology. ROE / ROA / ROC use period-end balance-sheet denominators (no average-of- period smoothing). ROIC = Operating Income × (1 − inferred effective tax rate) over invested capital, with the effective tax inferred from net-to-operating income when both are positive and a 25% default otherwise. Net debt / EBITDA, debt ratios, and interest-coverage ratios are calculated point-in-time at each fiscal year-end. TTM = trailing 4 quarters (income / cash flow summed, balance sheet = most-recent quarterly snapshot). Through-cycle CAGR in the Growth panel uses the geometric mean of first-to-last period growth across the window (positive values only).