Ratios & metrics
Profitability, returns on capital, growth, and credit — all derived from the historical income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow rows in our data warehouse.
Valuation multiples
Price- and EV-based multiples plus shareholder yields. Snapshot at each fiscal year-end from key_metrics (FMP).
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Headline | ||||||||
| Market cap | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Enterprise value | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Multiples | ||||||||
| P / E | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| P / B | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / EBITDA | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / Sales | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / FCF | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Yields | ||||||||
| Earnings yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Free cash flow yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Dividend yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Profitability
Margin structure across the last 5 fiscal years
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Margins | ||||||||
| Gross margin | +30.54% | +31.29% | +29.96% | +29.66% | +29.73% | +30.00% | +30.45% | +28.90% |
| Operating margin | +15.73% | +16.60% | +13.48% | +11.62% | +10.97% | +12.35% | +11.94% | +11.73% |
| EBITDA margin | +16.29% | +17.23% | +14.20% | +12.48% | +11.94% | +12.94% | +12.88% | +12.69% |
| EBIT margin | +15.73% | +16.60% | +13.47% | +11.62% | +10.97% | +12.37% | +11.75% | +11.96% |
| Pre-tax margin | +15.56% | +15.94% | +12.42% | +10.68% | +10.08% | +11.05% | +10.91% | +10.81% |
| Net margin | +12.29% | +12.11% | +9.44% | +8.18% | +7.68% | +8.45% | +8.50% | +8.64% |
| Cost structure | ||||||||
| Cost of revenue / sales | +69.46% | +68.71% | +70.04% | +70.34% | +70.27% | +71.96% | +68.12% | +69.74% |
| R&D intensity | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
| SG&A intensity | +14.86% | +14.68% | +16.48% | +18.04% | +18.76% | +17.91% | +17.53% | +18.11% |
| Effective tax rate | +21.09% | +24.04% | +23.99% | +23.43% | +23.83% | +23.49% | +23.80% | +24.05% |
Returns on capital
ROE / ROA / ROC / ROIC over the relevant capital base, plus the 3-step DuPont decomposition of ROE.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Returns | ||||||||
| Return on equity (ROE) | +60.73% | +60.59% | +39.86% | +34.11% | +34.29% | +36.08% | +36.68% | +37.48% |
| Return on assets (ROA) | +20.14% | +20.99% | +15.26% | +12.89% | +11.21% | +13.03% | +13.46% | +13.78% |
| Return on capital (ROC) | +33.32% | +35.42% | +27.91% | +24.25% | +37.83% | +29.83% | +28.51% | +28.61% |
| Return on invested capital (ROIC) | +26.03% | +25.84% | +19.54% | +17.06% | +26.50% | +20.40% | +20.29% | +21.08% |
| Asset turnover | +163.94% | +173.32% | +161.65% | +157.68% | +145.87% | +154.20% | +158.36% | +159.42% |
| DuPont · ROE decomposition | ||||||||
| Net margin | +12.29% | +12.11% | +9.44% | +8.18% | +7.68% | +8.45% | +8.50% | +8.64% |
| Asset turnover (× revenue / assets) | +163.94% | +173.32% | +161.65% | +157.68% | +145.87% | +154.20% | +158.36% | +159.42% |
| Equity multiplier (× assets / equity) | +301.49% | +288.65% | +261.13% | +264.49% | +305.94% | +276.89% | +272.46% | +271.98% |
Activity & efficiency
Turnover ratios and days-outstanding — how efficiently the business converts assets and working capital into sales and cash.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turnover | ||||||||
| Asset turnover | 1.64 | 1.73 | 1.62 | 1.58 | 1.46 | 1.54 | 1.58 | 1.59 |
| Fixed-asset turnover | 12.59 | 13.34 | 10.46 | 9.38 | 8.90 | — | — | — |
| Inventory turnover | 2.75 | 2.67 | 2.84 | 2.90 | 2.56 | — | — | — |
| Receivables turnover | 14.06 | 17.58 | 16.16 | 16.87 | 38.87 | — | — | — |
| Payables turnover | 9.23 | 10.44 | 7.63 | 7.11 | 5.70 | — | — | — |
| Days outstanding | ||||||||
| Days sales outstanding (DSO) | 25.96 | 20.76 | 22.59 | 21.64 | 9.39 | — | — | — |
| Days inventory outstanding (DIO) | 132.87 | 136.76 | 128.40 | 125.98 | 142.85 | — | — | — |
| Days payables outstanding (DPO) | 39.56 | 34.96 | 47.83 | 51.32 | 64.09 | — | — | — |
| Cash conversion cycle | 119.27 | 122.56 | 103.15 | 96.29 | 88.15 | — | — | — |
Cash flow quality
How well reported earnings translate into operating and free cash flow, plus reinvestment intensity.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Operating CF / Net income | 0.48 | 0.65 | 1.70 | 1.52 | 0.90 | 1.43 | 1.41 | 1.38 |
| FCF / Net income | 0.42 | 0.59 | 1.58 | 1.38 | 0.76 | 1.24 | 1.29 | 1.21 |
| FCF margin | +5.21% | +7.14% | +14.94% | +11.29% | +5.85% | +10.48% | +10.93% | +10.49% |
| OCF margin | +5.92% | +7.85% | +16.03% | +12.41% | +6.92% | +12.06% | +11.95% | +11.96% |
| CapEx / Revenue | +0.71% | +0.71% | +1.08% | +1.12% | +1.07% | +1.09% | +1.12% | +1.08% |
| CapEx / D&A | 1.25 | 1.12 | 1.50 | 1.31 | 1.32 | — | — | — |
| Stock-based comp / Revenue | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | +0.43% | — | — | — |
Per-share & shareholder yield
EPS, book value, sales, cash flow and dividends per share — plus payout / retention.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EPS · diluted | 15.97 | 18.70 | 13.35 | 11.30 | 10.85 | 11.08 | 12.03 | 13.20 |
| EPS · basic | 16.21 | 18.89 | 13.45 | 11.37 | 10.89 | 11.07 | 12.25 | 13.18 |
| Book value / share | 26.47 | 31.03 | 33.66 | 33.31 | 31.79 | 34.44 | 34.83 | 36.65 |
| Tangible BV / share | 1.73 | 5.97 | 8.06 | 7.42 | 5.20 | 34.44 | 34.83 | 36.65 |
| Sales / share | 130.82 | 155.25 | 142.10 | 138.93 | 141.85 | 147.07 | 150.27 | 158.92 |
| Operating CF / share | 7.74 | 12.18 | 22.78 | 17.24 | 9.81 | 17.74 | 17.95 | 19.01 |
| Free cash flow / share | 6.81 | 11.08 | 21.24 | 15.69 | 8.30 | 15.41 | 16.43 | 16.67 |
| Dividends / share | 2.95 | 3.78 | 4.29 | 4.70 | 4.96 | 4.84 | 5.00 | 5.27 |
| Payout ratio | +18.38% | +20.12% | +32.01% | +41.36% | +45.50% | +38.93% | +39.12% | +38.34% |
| Retention ratio | +81.62% | +79.88% | +67.99% | +58.64% | +54.50% | +61.07% | +60.88% | +61.66% |
Growth
Year-over-year change for headline P&L lines, plus through-cycle CAGR
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 7y CAGR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Top-line | |||||||||
| Revenue · YoY | — | +16.70% | -10.33% | -4.16% | -0.41% | +2.76% | +3.84% | +4.65% | +1.57% |
| Gross profit · YoY | — | +19.56% | -14.14% | -5.10% | -0.18% | +3.69% | +5.42% | -0.69% | +0.78% |
| Profit | |||||||||
| Operating income · YoY | — | +23.18% | -27.17% | -17.39% | -5.99% | +15.72% | +0.37% | +2.81% | -2.59% |
| EBITDA · YoY | — | +23.41% | -26.12% | -15.76% | -4.66% | +11.31% | +3.35% | +3.14% | -1.99% |
| Net income · YoY | — | +15.04% | -30.09% | -16.99% | -6.43% | +13.00% | +4.48% | +6.41% | -3.40% |
| Operating | |||||||||
| EBIT · YoY | — | +23.18% | -27.22% | -17.33% | -5.99% | +15.91% | -1.36% | +6.49% | -2.32% |
| R&D · YoY | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Per-share | |||||||||
| EPS · diluted · YoY | — | +17.09% | -28.61% | -15.36% | -3.98% | +2.08% | +8.62% | +9.75% | -2.68% |
| EPS · basic · YoY | — | +16.53% | -28.80% | -15.46% | -4.22% | +1.67% | +10.65% | +7.58% | -2.91% |
Credit & leverage
Balance-sheet health + interest coverage + liquidity. Coverage ratios use period-end debt and trailing interest expense.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leverage | ||||||||
| Total debt | $1.43B | $1.66B | $1.36B | $1.27B | $348.61M | $977.77M | $1.06B | $1.06B |
| Net debt | $1.4B | $1.62B | $1.3B | $1.19B | $243.64M | $891.33M | $969.9M | $969.82M |
| Net debt / EBITDA | 1.63 | 1.52 | 1.65 | 1.80 | 0.39 | 1.27 | 1.33 | 1.29 |
| Debt / equity | 1.33 | 1.34 | 1.04 | 1.00 | 0.29 | 0.77 | 0.81 | 0.78 |
| Debt / assets | +44.20% | +46.58% | +39.80% | +37.76% | +9.61% | +27.74% | +29.63% | +28.61% |
| Equity / assets | +33.17% | +34.64% | +38.30% | +37.81% | +32.69% | +36.12% | +36.70% | +36.77% |
| Coverage | ||||||||
| EBITDA / interest expense | 99.87 | 26.03 | 13.46 | 13.19 | 13.51 | 13.31 | 13.80 | 13.20 |
| Operating income / interest | 96.40 | 25.07 | 12.79 | 12.28 | 12.41 | 12.71 | 12.79 | 12.20 |
| Interest expense | $8.64M | $40.91M | $58.43M | $50.25M | $46.77M | $52.83M | $52.68M | $56.79M |
| Liquidity | ||||||||
| Current ratio | 2.38 | 2.99 | 2.36 | 2.05 | 2.24 | — | — | — |
| Quick ratio | 0.54 | 0.59 | 0.53 | 0.47 | 0.27 | — | — | — |
| Cash ratio | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.12 | — | — | — |
| Working capital | $1.02B | $1.34B | $1.04B | $884.93M | $1.09B | — | — | — |
| Working capital / revenue | +19.35% | +21.74% | +18.85% | +16.66% | +20.60% | — | — | — |
Methodology. ROE / ROA / ROC use period-end balance-sheet denominators (no average-of- period smoothing). ROIC = Operating Income × (1 − inferred effective tax rate) over invested capital, with the effective tax inferred from net-to-operating income when both are positive and a 25% default otherwise. Net debt / EBITDA, debt ratios, and interest-coverage ratios are calculated point-in-time at each fiscal year-end. TTM = trailing 4 quarters (income / cash flow summed, balance sheet = most-recent quarterly snapshot). Through-cycle CAGR in the Growth panel uses the geometric mean of first-to-last period growth across the window (positive values only).