Ratios & metrics
Profitability, returns on capital, growth, and credit — all derived from the historical income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow rows in our data warehouse.
Valuation multiples
Price- and EV-based multiples plus shareholder yields. Snapshot at each fiscal year-end from key_metrics (FMP).
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2025 | FY 2026 | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Headline | ||||||||
| Market cap | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Enterprise value | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Multiples | ||||||||
| P / E | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| P / B | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / EBITDA | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / Sales | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / FCF | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Yields | ||||||||
| Earnings yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Free cash flow yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Dividend yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Profitability
Margin structure across the last 5 fiscal years
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2025 | FY 2026 | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Margins | ||||||||
| Gross margin | +14.66% | +14.48% | +14.54% | +16.79% | +17.66% | +16.31% | +15.93% | +16.32% |
| Operating margin | +8.39% | +7.56% | +4.02% | +10.97% | +12.27% | +9.13% | +8.88% | +9.03% |
| EBITDA margin | +10.74% | +9.85% | +6.13% | +12.74% | +14.01% | +11.21% | +10.91% | +10.79% |
| EBIT margin | +8.38% | +7.54% | +3.98% | +11.00% | +12.26% | +8.98% | +9.14% | +8.90% |
| Pre-tax margin | +7.04% | +6.15% | +2.61% | +9.84% | +11.08% | +8.00% | +7.79% | +8.01% |
| Net margin | +5.48% | +4.76% | +1.29% | +7.53% | +8.48% | +5.64% | +5.78% | +5.79% |
| Cost structure | ||||||||
| Cost of revenue / sales | +85.34% | +85.52% | +85.46% | +83.21% | +82.34% | +84.48% | +85.02% | +85.70% |
| R&D intensity | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
| SG&A intensity | +6.19% | +6.61% | +6.10% | +5.90% | +5.44% | +5.84% | +5.84% | +5.94% |
| Effective tax rate | +21.51% | +21.78% | +48.39% | +23.67% | +23.18% | +30.37% | +31.53% | +31.44% |
Returns on capital
ROE / ROA / ROC / ROIC over the relevant capital base, plus the 3-step DuPont decomposition of ROE.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2025 | FY 2026 | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Returns | ||||||||
| Return on equity (ROE) | +17.33% | +15.74% | +4.67% | +28.12% | +29.34% | +20.29% | +20.50% | +21.46% |
| Return on assets (ROA) | +5.68% | +5.24% | +1.57% | +9.57% | +10.79% | +7.08% | +7.29% | +7.10% |
| Return on capital (ROC) | +11.51% | +11.05% | +6.57% | +18.74% | +19.35% | +14.92% | +14.23% | +15.17% |
| Return on invested capital (ROIC) | +7.52% | +6.96% | +2.10% | +12.86% | +13.37% | +9.21% | +9.26% | +9.74% |
| Asset turnover | +103.59% | +110.14% | +121.61% | +127.15% | +127.28% | +125.66% | +126.14% | +122.59% |
| DuPont · ROE decomposition | ||||||||
| Net margin | +5.48% | +4.76% | +1.29% | +7.53% | +8.48% | +5.64% | +5.78% | +5.79% |
| Asset turnover (× revenue / assets) | +103.59% | +110.14% | +121.61% | +127.15% | +127.28% | +125.66% | +126.14% | +122.59% |
| Equity multiplier (× assets / equity) | +305.27% | +300.28% | +298.14% | +293.81% | +271.93% | +286.46% | +281.07% | +302.13% |
Activity & efficiency
Turnover ratios and days-outstanding — how efficiently the business converts assets and working capital into sales and cash.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2025 | FY 2026 | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turnover | ||||||||
| Asset turnover | 1.04 | 1.10 | 1.22 | 1.27 | 1.27 | 1.26 | 1.26 | 1.23 |
| Fixed-asset turnover | 10.72 | 10.34 | 10.48 | 10.74 | 11.55 | — | — | — |
| Inventory turnover | 42.78 | 42.90 | 42.56 | 44.01 | 41.35 | — | — | — |
| Receivables turnover | 6.28 | 6.13 | 6.36 | 6.30 | 6.34 | — | — | — |
| Payables turnover | 16.94 | 16.80 | 17.93 | 19.67 | 22.55 | — | — | — |
| Days outstanding | ||||||||
| Days sales outstanding (DSO) | 58.16 | 59.58 | 57.43 | 57.94 | 57.55 | — | — | — |
| Days inventory outstanding (DIO) | 8.53 | 8.51 | 8.58 | 8.29 | 8.83 | — | — | — |
| Days payables outstanding (DPO) | 21.55 | 21.73 | 20.36 | 18.56 | 16.18 | — | — | — |
| Cash conversion cycle | 45.15 | 46.36 | 45.64 | 47.67 | 50.20 | — | — | — |
Cash flow quality
How well reported earnings translate into operating and free cash flow, plus reinvestment intensity.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2025 | FY 2026 | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Operating CF / Net income | 1.37 | 1.44 | 5.85 | 1.11 | 1.20 | 1.50 | 1.49 | 1.47 |
| FCF / Net income | 1.23 | 1.25 | 4.81 | 0.99 | 1.12 | 1.39 | 1.37 | 1.36 |
| FCF margin | +6.75% | +5.95% | +6.21% | +7.46% | +9.46% | +7.86% | +7.93% | +7.90% |
| OCF margin | +7.51% | +6.85% | +7.55% | +8.35% | +10.19% | +8.44% | +8.63% | +8.52% |
| CapEx / Revenue | +0.76% | +0.90% | +1.34% | +0.89% | +0.73% | +1.00% | +1.02% | +1.01% |
| CapEx / D&A | 0.32 | 0.39 | 0.63 | 0.51 | 0.43 | — | — | — |
| Stock-based comp / Revenue | +0.49% | +0.51% | +0.50% | +0.51% | +0.55% | — | — | — |
Per-share & shareholder yield
EPS, book value, sales, cash flow and dividends per share — plus payout / retention.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2025 | FY 2026 | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EPS · diluted | 5.27 | 4.96 | 1.44 | 9.22 | 11.13 | 12.34 | 13.20 | 14.61 |
| EPS · basic | 5.34 | 5.00 | 1.45 | 9.36 | 11.22 | 12.34 | 13.51 | 14.69 |
| Book value / share | 30.38 | 31.54 | 30.86 | 32.79 | 37.47 | 37.89 | 41.15 | 41.12 |
| Tangible BV / share | -25.01 | -23.88 | -18.27 | -15.74 | -13.88 | 37.89 | 41.15 | 41.12 |
| Sales / share | 96.06 | 104.32 | 111.87 | 122.51 | 129.70 | 136.39 | 145.90 | 152.29 |
| Operating CF / share | 7.21 | 7.14 | 8.44 | 10.24 | 13.22 | 11.51 | 12.58 | 12.98 |
| Free cash flow / share | 6.48 | 6.21 | 6.94 | 9.14 | 12.27 | 10.72 | 11.57 | 12.03 |
| Dividends / share | 1.39 | 1.44 | 1.46 | 1.53 | 1.59 | 1.74 | 1.82 | 1.90 |
| Payout ratio | +26.43% | +29.05% | +101.01% | +16.59% | +14.49% | +22.63% | +21.59% | +21.51% |
| Retention ratio | +73.57% | +70.95% | -1.01% | +83.41% | +85.51% | +77.37% | +78.41% | +78.49% |
Growth
Year-over-year change for headline P&L lines, plus through-cycle CAGR
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2025 | FY 2026 | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E | 7y CAGR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Top-line | |||||||||
| Revenue · YoY | — | +4.80% | +7.24% | +7.93% | +3.07% | +6.18% | +4.99% | +4.89% | +5.57% |
| Gross profit · YoY | — | +3.48% | +7.68% | +24.69% | +8.40% | -1.95% | +2.54% | +7.50% | +7.21% |
| Profit | |||||||||
| Operating income · YoY | — | -5.56% | -42.92% | +194.20% | +15.34% | -20.99% | +2.17% | +6.59% | +6.69% |
| EBITDA · YoY | — | -3.93% | -33.29% | +124.31% | +13.38% | -15.03% | +2.18% | +3.69% | +5.63% |
| Net income · YoY | — | -9.03% | -70.95% | +530.15% | +16.11% | -29.42% | +7.74% | +5.08% | +6.41% |
| Operating | |||||||||
| EBIT · YoY | — | -5.73% | -43.32% | +197.89% | +14.97% | -22.25% | +6.89% | +2.10% | +6.49% |
| R&D · YoY | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Per-share | |||||||||
| EPS · diluted · YoY | — | -5.88% | -70.97% | +540.28% | +20.72% | +10.85% | +6.95% | +10.70% | +15.68% |
| EPS · basic · YoY | — | -6.37% | -71.00% | +545.52% | +19.87% | +9.99% | +9.46% | +8.76% | +15.56% |
Credit & leverage
Balance-sheet health + interest coverage + liquidity. Coverage ratios use period-end debt and trailing interest expense.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2025 | FY 2026 | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leverage | ||||||||
| Total debt | $5.67B | $5.49B | $5.2B | $5.29B | $5.93B | $6.09B | $6.55B | $6.53B |
| Net debt | $4.94B | $4.97B | $4.42B | $4.35B | $4.73B | $5.03B | $5.44B | $5.36B |
| Net debt / EBITDA | 3.35 | 3.51 | 4.67 | 2.05 | 1.96 | 2.46 | 2.60 | 2.47 |
| Debt / equity | 1.30 | 1.26 | 1.22 | 1.19 | 1.19 | 1.20 | 1.21 | 1.20 |
| Debt / assets | +42.72% | +42.00% | +40.95% | +40.38% | +43.94% | +41.99% | +43.18% | +39.85% |
| Equity / assets | +32.76% | +33.30% | +33.54% | +34.04% | +36.77% | +34.91% | +35.58% | +33.10% |
| Coverage | ||||||||
| EBITDA / interest expense | 8.02 | 7.13 | 4.46 | 10.99 | 11.85 | 9.07 | 8.91 | 8.74 |
| Operating income / interest | 6.26 | 5.47 | 2.93 | 9.47 | 10.38 | 7.39 | 7.26 | 7.32 |
| Interest expense | $184M | $199M | $212M | $193M | $203M | $225.34M | $234.35M | $247.78M |
| Liquidity | ||||||||
| Current ratio | 1.12 | 0.92 | 1.34 | 1.21 | 1.70 | — | — | — |
| Quick ratio | 0.90 | 0.73 | 1.07 | 0.98 | 1.38 | — | — | — |
| Cash ratio | 0.23 | 0.13 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.43 | — | — | — |
| Working capital | $390M | -$304M | $1.02B | $774M | $1.99B | — | — | — |
| Working capital / revenue | +2.84% | -2.11% | +6.57% | +4.65% | +11.57% | — | — | — |
Methodology. ROE / ROA / ROC use period-end balance-sheet denominators (no average-of- period smoothing). ROIC = Operating Income × (1 − inferred effective tax rate) over invested capital, with the effective tax inferred from net-to-operating income when both are positive and a 25% default otherwise. Net debt / EBITDA, debt ratios, and interest-coverage ratios are calculated point-in-time at each fiscal year-end. TTM = trailing 4 quarters (income / cash flow summed, balance sheet = most-recent quarterly snapshot). Through-cycle CAGR in the Growth panel uses the geometric mean of first-to-last period growth across the window (positive values only).