Explain this page
Arphra AIPlain-English read on General Motors Company’s valuationRatios & metrics
Profitability, returns on capital, growth, and credit — all derived from the historical income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow rows in our data warehouse.
Valuation multiples
Price- and EV-based multiples plus shareholder yields. Snapshot at each fiscal year-end from key_metrics (FMP).
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Headline | |||||||||
| Market cap | — | — | — | $59.4B | $74.77B | — | — | — | — |
| Enterprise value | — | — | — | $170.22B | $184.1B | — | — | — | — |
| Multiples | |||||||||
| P / E | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| P / B | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / EBITDA | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / Sales | — | — | — | 0.91 | 1.00 | — | — | — | — |
| EV / FCF | — | — | — | -28.46 | 16.62 | — | — | — | — |
| Yields | |||||||||
| Earnings yield | — | — | — | +10.12% | +3.61% | — | — | — | — |
| Free cash flow yield | — | — | — | -10.07% | +14.81% | — | — | — | — |
| Dividend yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Profitability
Margin structure across the last 5 fiscal years
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Margins | |||||||||
| Gross margin | +20.30% | +19.64% | +16.90% | +17.39% | +10.86% | +14.97% | +15.40% | +14.69% | +14.64% |
| Operating margin | +7.34% | +6.58% | +5.41% | +6.82% | +1.57% | +4.58% | +4.56% | +4.67% | +4.53% |
| EBITDA margin | +16.83% | +13.78% | +12.33% | +13.43% | +9.46% | +11.80% | +11.47% | +12.03% | +11.61% |
| EBIT margin | +7.34% | +6.58% | +5.41% | +6.82% | +1.57% | +4.65% | +4.60% | +4.55% | +4.58% |
| Pre-tax margin | +10.01% | +7.40% | +6.05% | +4.54% | +1.68% | +4.06% | +4.08% | +4.21% | +4.07% |
| Net margin | +7.89% | +6.34% | +5.89% | +3.21% | +1.46% | +3.48% | +3.53% | +3.51% | +3.44% |
| Cost structure | |||||||||
| Cost of revenue / sales | +79.70% | +80.36% | +83.10% | +82.61% | +89.14% | +84.06% | +84.31% | +85.84% | +86.39% |
| R&D intensity | +6.22% | +6.25% | +5.76% | +4.91% | +4.59% | +4.94% | +5.19% | +5.18% | +5.00% |
| SG&A intensity | +6.74% | +6.81% | +5.73% | +5.67% | +4.70% | +5.50% | +5.41% | +5.36% | +5.26% |
| Effective tax rate | +21.79% | +16.29% | +5.41% | +30.00% | +10.84% | +15.34% | +15.77% | +14.99% | +15.06% |
Returns on capital
ROE / ROA / ROC / ROIC over the relevant capital base, plus the 3-step DuPont decomposition of ROE.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Returns | |||||||||
| Return on equity (ROE) | +15.22% | +13.74% | +14.83% | +9.16% | +4.27% | +9.36% | +9.77% | +9.46% | +9.78% |
| Return on assets (ROA) | +4.09% | +3.76% | +3.71% | +2.15% | +0.96% | +2.26% | +2.24% | +2.32% | +2.23% |
| Return on capital (ROC) | +5.29% | +5.49% | +4.87% | +6.51% | +1.50% | +4.23% | +4.24% | +4.32% | +4.37% |
| Return on invested capital (ROIC) | +5.69% | +5.29% | +5.30% | +3.06% | +1.39% | +3.21% | +3.28% | +3.25% | +3.32% |
| Asset turnover | +51.90% | +59.36% | +62.93% | +67.00% | +65.78% | +64.93% | +63.53% | +66.14% | +64.66% |
| DuPont · ROE decomposition | |||||||||
| Net margin | +7.89% | +6.34% | +5.89% | +3.21% | +1.46% | +3.48% | +3.53% | +3.51% | +3.44% |
| Asset turnover (× revenue / assets) | +51.90% | +59.36% | +62.93% | +67.00% | +65.78% | +64.93% | +63.53% | +66.14% | +64.66% |
| Equity multiplier (× assets / equity) | +371.83% | +365.28% | +399.76% | +426.53% | +445.30% | +414.14% | +436.10% | +407.67% | +439.48% |
Activity & efficiency
Turnover ratios and days-outstanding — how efficiently the business converts assets and working capital into sales and cash.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turnover | |||||||||
| Asset turnover | 0.52 | 0.59 | 0.63 | 0.67 | 0.66 | 0.65 | 0.64 | 0.66 | 0.65 |
| Fixed-asset turnover | 1.61 | 2.01 | 2.12 | 2.25 | 2.17 | — | — | — | — |
| Inventory turnover | 7.79 | 8.20 | 8.68 | 10.63 | 11.40 | — | — | — | — |
| Receivables turnover | 3.73 | 3.34 | 3.34 | 14.61 | 14.17 | — | — | — | — |
| Payables turnover | 4.96 | 4.58 | 5.08 | 6.03 | 6.90 | — | — | — | — |
| Days outstanding | |||||||||
| Days sales outstanding (DSO) | 97.84 | 109.35 | 109.29 | 24.98 | 25.75 | — | — | — | — |
| Days inventory outstanding (DIO) | 46.83 | 44.53 | 42.07 | 34.33 | 32.02 | — | — | — | — |
| Days payables outstanding (DPO) | 73.53 | 79.65 | 71.86 | 60.54 | 52.94 | — | — | — | — |
| Cash conversion cycle | 71.14 | 74.23 | 79.51 | -1.23 | 4.83 | — | — | — | — |
Cash flow quality
How well reported earnings translate into operating and free cash flow, plus reinvestment intensity.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Operating CF / Net income | 1.52 | 1.61 | 2.07 | 3.35 | 9.96 | 3.65 | 3.59 | 3.62 | 3.64 |
| FCF / Net income | -0.69 | -0.52 | -0.36 | -1.00 | 4.11 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 |
| FCF margin | -5.45% | -3.28% | -2.14% | -3.19% | +5.99% | +0.21% | +0.22% | +0.22% | +0.22% |
| OCF margin | +11.96% | +10.24% | +12.18% | +10.74% | +14.52% | +12.71% | +12.66% | +12.70% | +12.54% |
| CapEx / Revenue | +17.41% | +13.52% | +14.32% | +13.93% | +8.54% | +12.20% | +12.29% | +11.99% | +12.56% |
| CapEx / D&A | 1.83 | 1.88 | 2.07 | 2.11 | 1.08 | — | — | — | — |
| Stock-based comp / Revenue | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | — | — | — | — |
Per-share & shareholder yield
EPS, book value, sales, cash flow and dividends per share — plus payout / retention.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EPS · diluted | 6.70 | 6.13 | 7.32 | 6.37 | 3.27 | 12.80 | 14.24 | 15.24 | 13.30 |
| EPS · basic | 6.78 | 6.17 | 7.35 | 6.45 | 3.33 | 13.07 | 14.58 | 15.46 | 13.49 |
| Book value / share | 44.83 | 49.71 | 49.90 | 58.10 | 64.92 | 71.26 | 71.74 | 74.86 | 72.97 |
| Tangible BV / share | 41.38 | 46.32 | 46.36 | 54.06 | 60.43 | 71.26 | 71.74 | 74.86 | 72.97 |
| Sales / share | 86.51 | 107.80 | 125.52 | 166.02 | 190.15 | 191.62 | 198.77 | 201.85 | 207.36 |
| Operating CF / share | 10.35 | 11.03 | 15.29 | 17.83 | 27.61 | 24.35 | 25.17 | 25.63 | 26.00 |
| Free cash flow / share | -4.72 | -3.54 | -2.69 | -5.30 | 11.38 | 0.41 | 0.45 | 0.44 | 0.45 |
| Dividends / share | 0.13 | 0.27 | 0.44 | 0.58 | 0.68 | 0.66 | 0.69 | 0.72 | 0.74 |
| Payout ratio | +1.86% | +4.00% | +5.90% | +10.87% | +24.36% | +9.93% | +9.90% | +10.18% | +10.30% |
| Retention ratio | +98.14% | +96.00% | +94.10% | +89.13% | +75.64% | +90.07% | +90.10% | +89.82% | +89.70% |
Growth
Year-over-year change for headline P&L lines, plus through-cycle CAGR
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E | 8y CAGR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Top-line | ||||||||||
| Revenue · YoY | — | +23.41% | +9.64% | +9.08% | -1.29% | +0.49% | +3.22% | +1.44% | +3.89% | +5.99% |
| Gross profit · YoY | — | +19.41% | -5.66% | +12.28% | -38.37% | +38.49% | +6.18% | -3.25% | +3.56% | +1.75% |
| Profit | ||||||||||
| Operating income · YoY | — | +10.62% | -9.85% | +37.49% | -77.24% | +192.95% | +2.75% | +3.74% | +0.95% | -0.21% |
| EBITDA · YoY | — | +1.07% | -1.93% | +18.82% | -30.49% | +25.43% | +0.26% | +6.39% | +0.34% | +1.19% |
| Net income · YoY | — | -0.85% | +1.94% | -40.67% | -55.11% | +139.91% | +4.59% | +0.89% | +1.98% | -4.45% |
| Operating | ||||||||||
| EBIT · YoY | — | +10.62% | -9.85% | +37.49% | -77.24% | +197.20% | +2.04% | +0.40% | +4.59% | -0.08% |
| R&D · YoY | — | +24.05% | +1.02% | -7.07% | -7.61% | +8.04% | +8.47% | +1.26% | +0.30% | +3.14% |
| Per-share | ||||||||||
| EPS · diluted · YoY | — | -8.51% | +19.41% | -12.98% | -48.67% | +291.34% | +11.24% | +7.04% | -12.73% | +8.95% |
| EPS · basic · YoY | — | -9.00% | +19.12% | -12.24% | -48.37% | +292.42% | +11.61% | +5.98% | -12.71% | +8.98% |
Credit & leverage
Balance-sheet health + interest coverage + liquidity. Coverage ratios use period-end debt and trailing interest expense.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leverage | |||||||||
| Total debt | $110.39B | $115.67B | $122.65B | $130.69B | $130.28B | $132.33B | $137.09B | $137.93B | $138.5B |
| Net debt | $90.32B | $96.51B | $103.8B | $110.82B | $109.33B | $111.7B | $115.43B | $117.2B | $116.89B |
| Net debt / EBITDA | 4.23 | 4.47 | 4.90 | 4.40 | 6.25 | 5.09 | 5.25 | 5.01 | 4.98 |
| Debt / equity | 1.68 | 1.60 | 1.80 | 1.99 | 2.06 | 1.91 | 1.98 | 1.91 | 1.95 |
| Debt / assets | +45.11% | +43.81% | +44.92% | +46.72% | +46.32% | +46.22% | +45.39% | +46.87% | +44.28% |
| Equity / assets | +26.89% | +27.38% | +25.02% | +23.45% | +22.46% | +24.15% | +22.93% | +24.53% | +22.75% |
| Coverage | |||||||||
| EBITDA / interest expense | 22.50 | 21.89 | 23.26 | 29.76 | 24.07 | 26.11 | 25.05 | 26.67 | 26.05 |
| Operating income / interest | 9.81 | 10.45 | 10.21 | 15.11 | 4.00 | 10.14 | 9.97 | 10.35 | 10.17 |
| Interest expense | $950M | $987M | $911M | $846M | $727M | $840.57M | $878.53M | $877.66M | $901.85M |
| Liquidity | |||||||||
| Current ratio | 1.10 | 1.10 | 1.08 | 1.13 | 1.17 | — | — | — | — |
| Quick ratio | 0.84 | 0.86 | 0.83 | 0.42 | 0.44 | — | — | — | — |
| Cash ratio | 0.27 | 0.21 | 0.20 | 0.21 | 0.22 | — | — | — | — |
| Working capital | $7.7B | $9.28B | $7.17B | $12.28B | $15.43B | — | — | — | — |
| Working capital / revenue | +6.06% | +5.92% | +4.17% | +6.55% | +8.34% | — | — | — | — |
Sourced from key_metrics + financial_ratios (loaded by load_fundamentals_extended.py).
Valuation
| Metric | FY 2025 | FY 2024 |
|---|---|---|
| P / E | — | — |
| P / B | — | — |
| EV / EBITDA | — | — |
| EV / Sales | 1.00x | 0.91x |
| Earnings yield | 3.6% | 10.1% |
| FCF yield | 14.8% | -10.1% |
Returns
| Metric | FY 2025 | FY 2024 |
|---|---|---|
| Gross margin | — | — |
| Operating margin | — | — |
| Net margin | — | — |
| ROE | 4.4% | 9.5% |
| ROA | 1.0% | 2.1% |
| ROIC | 1.2% | 4.0% |
Leverage & liquidity
| Metric | FY 2025 | FY 2024 |
|---|---|---|
| Debt / equity | — | — |
| Net debt / EBITDA | 6.25 | 4.40 |
| Interest coverage | — | — |
| Current ratio | 1.17x | 1.13x |
| Quick ratio | — | — |
Methodology. ROE / ROA / ROC use period-end balance-sheet denominators (no average-of- period smoothing). ROIC = Operating Income × (1 − inferred effective tax rate) over invested capital, with the effective tax inferred from net-to-operating income when both are positive and a 25% default otherwise. Net debt / EBITDA, debt ratios, and interest-coverage ratios are calculated point-in-time at each fiscal year-end. TTM = trailing 4 quarters (income / cash flow summed, balance sheet = most-recent quarterly snapshot). Through-cycle CAGR in the Growth panel uses the geometric mean of first-to-last period growth across the window (positive values only).