Explain this page
Arphra AIPlain-English read on Graham Corporation’s valuationRatios & metrics
Profitability, returns on capital, growth, and credit — all derived from the historical income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow rows in our data warehouse.
Valuation multiples
Price- and EV-based multiples plus shareholder yields. Snapshot at each fiscal year-end from key_metrics (FMP).
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Headline | |||||||
| Market cap | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Enterprise value | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Multiples | |||||||
| P / E | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| P / B | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / EBITDA | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / Sales | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / FCF | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Yields | |||||||
| Earnings yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Free cash flow yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Dividend yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Profitability
Margin structure across the last 5 fiscal years
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Margins | |||||||
| Gross margin | +21.00% | +7.43% | +16.17% | +21.87% | +25.18% | +21.58% | +21.18% |
| Operating margin | +3.08% | -9.24% | +0.80% | +3.73% | +7.24% | +4.02% | +3.93% |
| EBITDA margin | +5.36% | -4.25% | +4.61% | +6.66% | +10.06% | +7.06% | +6.92% |
| EBIT margin | +3.36% | -8.81% | +0.80% | +3.73% | +7.24% | +3.99% | +3.80% |
| Pre-tax margin | +3.35% | -9.13% | +0.36% | +3.00% | +7.34% | +3.59% | +3.47% |
| Net margin | +2.44% | -7.14% | +0.23% | +2.46% | +5.83% | +2.81% | +2.86% |
| Cost structure | |||||||
| Cost of revenue / sales | +79.00% | +92.57% | +83.83% | +78.13% | +74.82% | +81.09% | +76.70% |
| R&D intensity | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
| SG&A intensity | +17.92% | +16.60% | +14.68% | +17.36% | +17.70% | +16.41% | +16.75% |
| Effective tax rate | +27.33% | — | +34.58% | +18.26% | +20.62% | +23.81% | +24.52% |
Returns on capital
ROE / ROA / ROC / ROIC over the relevant capital base, plus the 3-step DuPont decomposition of ROE.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Returns | |||||||
| Return on equity (ROE) | +2.42% | -9.09% | +0.38% | +4.32% | +10.23% | +4.80% | +4.76% |
| Return on assets (ROA) | +1.65% | -4.78% | +0.18% | +1.95% | +4.63% | +2.28% | +2.22% |
| Return on capital (ROC) | +3.06% | -9.19% | +1.07% | +6.11% | +12.01% | +6.15% | +5.86% |
| Return on invested capital (ROIC) | +2.42% | -6.89% | +0.31% | +4.02% | +9.67% | +4.30% | +4.27% |
| Asset turnover | +67.57% | +66.86% | +77.05% | +79.33% | +79.47% | +80.89% | +77.74% |
| DuPont · ROE decomposition | |||||||
| Net margin | +2.44% | -7.14% | +0.23% | +2.46% | +5.83% | +2.81% | +2.86% |
| Asset turnover (× revenue / assets) | +67.57% | +66.86% | +77.05% | +79.33% | +79.47% | +80.89% | +77.74% |
| Equity multiplier (× assets / equity) | +147.33% | +190.37% | +210.37% | +221.55% | +220.87% | +211.10% | +214.11% |
Activity & efficiency
Turnover ratios and days-outstanding — how efficiently the business converts assets and working capital into sales and cash.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turnover | |||||||
| Asset turnover | 0.68 | 0.67 | 0.77 | 0.79 | 0.79 | 0.81 | 0.78 |
| Fixed-asset turnover | 5.50 | 3.69 | 4.65 | 4.71 | 3.68 | — | — |
| Inventory turnover | 4.44 | 6.53 | 5.01 | 4.34 | 3.92 | — | — |
| Receivables turnover | 2.61 | 2.29 | 2.47 | 2.56 | 2.78 | — | — |
| Payables turnover | 4.29 | 6.82 | 6.51 | 6.97 | 5.75 | — | — |
| Days outstanding | |||||||
| Days sales outstanding (DSO) | 139.92 | 159.52 | 147.94 | 142.46 | 131.33 | — | — |
| Days inventory outstanding (DIO) | 82.14 | 55.91 | 72.86 | 84.13 | 93.03 | — | — |
| Days payables outstanding (DPO) | 85.17 | 53.50 | 56.04 | 52.35 | 63.47 | — | — |
| Cash conversion cycle | 136.89 | 161.93 | 164.77 | 174.25 | 160.88 | — | — |
Cash flow quality
How well reported earnings translate into operating and free cash flow, plus reinvestment intensity.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Operating CF / Net income | -0.73 | 0.25 | 37.91 | 6.17 | 1.99 | 4.21 | 4.11 |
| FCF / Net income | -1.63 | 0.52 | 27.70 | 4.15 | 0.44 | 2.23 | 2.25 |
| FCF margin | -3.98% | -3.70% | +6.47% | +10.18% | +2.55% | +6.28% | +6.41% |
| OCF margin | -1.77% | -1.81% | +8.86% | +15.16% | +11.58% | +11.85% | +11.73% |
| CapEx / Revenue | +2.21% | +1.89% | +2.39% | +4.97% | +9.03% | +5.52% | +5.60% |
| CapEx / D&A | 1.11 | 0.42 | 0.63 | 1.70 | 3.19 | — | — |
| Stock-based comp / Revenue | +0.89% | +0.66% | +0.51% | +0.69% | +0.93% | — | — |
Per-share & shareholder yield
EPS, book value, sales, cash flow and dividends per share — plus payout / retention.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EPS · diluted | 0.24 | -0.83 | -0.05 | 0.42 | 1.11 | 1.91 | 2.31 |
| EPS · basic | 0.24 | -0.83 | -0.05 | 0.42 | 1.12 | 1.90 | 2.32 |
| Book value / share | 9.83 | 9.15 | 9.10 | 9.73 | 10.81 | 14.83 | 17.21 |
| Tangible BV / share | 9.83 | 4.08 | 4.31 | 4.38 | 5.76 | 14.83 | 17.21 |
| Sales / share | 9.79 | 11.65 | 14.75 | 17.11 | 18.97 | 25.33 | 28.65 |
| Operating CF / share | -0.17 | -0.21 | 1.31 | 2.59 | 2.20 | 3.00 | 3.36 |
| Free cash flow / share | -0.39 | -0.43 | 0.95 | 1.74 | 0.48 | 1.59 | 1.84 |
| Dividends / share | 0.44 | 0.33 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Payout ratio | +184.96% | -40.16% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
| Retention ratio | -84.96% | +140.16% | +100.00% | +100.00% | +100.00% | +100.00% | +100.00% |
Growth
Year-over-year change for headline P&L lines, plus through-cycle CAGR
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2027E | 2028E | 6y CAGR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Top-line | ||||||||
| Revenue · YoY | — | +25.98% | +27.93% | +18.09% | +13.13% | +34.08% | +11.63% | +21.53% |
| Gross profit · YoY | — | -55.40% | +178.32% | +59.73% | +30.25% | +14.90% | +9.56% | +21.71% |
| Profit | ||||||||
| Operating income · YoY | — | -478.35% | +111.02% | +453.76% | +119.42% | -25.45% | +8.94% | +26.59% |
| EBITDA · YoY | — | -199.89% | +238.72% | +70.71% | +70.99% | -5.99% | +9.48% | +26.83% |
| Net income · YoY | — | -469.55% | +104.18% | +1141.42% | +168.44% | -35.27% | +13.36% | +24.81% |
| Operating | ||||||||
| EBIT · YoY | — | -429.96% | +111.56% | +453.76% | +119.42% | -26.00% | +6.35% | +24.06% |
| R&D · YoY | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Per-share | ||||||||
| EPS · diluted · YoY | — | -445.83% | +94.57% | +1031.26% | +164.29% | +72.43% | +20.69% | +45.85% |
| EPS · basic · YoY | — | -445.83% | +94.54% | +1027.15% | +166.67% | +69.69% | +22.01% | +45.94% |
Credit & leverage
Balance-sheet health + interest coverage + liquidity. Coverage ratios use period-end debt and trailing interest expense.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leverage | |||||||
| Total debt | $138K | $26.93M | $20.38M | $7.77M | $6.85M | $19.25M | $21.66M |
| Net debt | -$59.39M | $12.19M | $2.12M | -$9.17M | -$14.72M | -$9.42M | -$11.73M |
| Net debt / EBITDA | -11.37 | -2.34 | 0.29 | -0.74 | -0.70 | -0.47 | -0.54 |
| Debt / equity | 0.00 | 0.28 | 0.21 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.12 | 0.11 |
| Debt / assets | +0.10% | +14.66% | +9.99% | +3.32% | +2.60% | +5.53% | +5.36% |
| Equity / assets | +67.87% | +52.53% | +47.54% | +45.14% | +45.28% | +47.37% | +46.71% |
| Coverage | |||||||
| EBITDA / interest expense | 474.82 | -11.59 | 6.78 | 49.81 | -36.23 | 38.88 | 39.14 |
| Operating income / interest | 272.55 | -25.21 | 1.17 | 27.91 | -26.05 | 22.17 | 22.20 |
| Interest expense | $11K | $450K | $1.07M | $248K | -$583K | $510.73K | $555.56K |
| Liquidity | |||||||
| Current ratio | 2.76 | 1.47 | 1.28 | 1.07 | 1.04 | — | — |
| Quick ratio | 2.35 | 1.15 | 0.95 | 0.76 | 0.71 | — | — |
| Cash ratio | 1.37 | 0.25 | 0.21 | 0.14 | 0.16 | — | — |
| Working capital | $76.68M | $27.8M | $23.9M | $8.11M | $5.22M | — | — |
| Working capital / revenue | +78.65% | +22.63% | +15.21% | +4.37% | +2.49% | — | — |
Methodology. ROE / ROA / ROC use period-end balance-sheet denominators (no average-of- period smoothing). ROIC = Operating Income × (1 − inferred effective tax rate) over invested capital, with the effective tax inferred from net-to-operating income when both are positive and a 25% default otherwise. Net debt / EBITDA, debt ratios, and interest-coverage ratios are calculated point-in-time at each fiscal year-end. TTM = trailing 4 quarters (income / cash flow summed, balance sheet = most-recent quarterly snapshot). Through-cycle CAGR in the Growth panel uses the geometric mean of first-to-last period growth across the window (positive values only).