Ratios & metrics
Profitability, returns on capital, growth, and credit — all derived from the historical income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow rows in our data warehouse.
Valuation multiples
Price- and EV-based multiples plus shareholder yields. Snapshot at each fiscal year-end from key_metrics (FMP).
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Headline | ||||||||
| Market cap | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Enterprise value | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Multiples | ||||||||
| P / E | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| P / B | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / EBITDA | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / Sales | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / FCF | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Yields | ||||||||
| Earnings yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Free cash flow yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Dividend yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Profitability
Margin structure across the last 5 fiscal years
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Margins | ||||||||
| Gross margin | +18.32% | +17.91% | +19.02% | +21.01% | +24.13% | +21.24% | +21.16% | +21.30% |
| Operating margin | +6.13% | +6.13% | +8.04% | +10.66% | +14.42% | +10.80% | +11.33% | +11.28% |
| EBITDA margin | +8.60% | +7.95% | +9.19% | +11.63% | +15.87% | +12.15% | +12.18% | +12.04% |
| EBIT margin | +6.35% | +5.99% | +7.63% | +9.56% | +14.31% | +10.22% | +10.63% | +10.30% |
| Pre-tax margin | +6.19% | +5.70% | +7.46% | +9.49% | +14.21% | +10.69% | +10.47% | +10.61% |
| Net margin | +4.66% | +5.94% | +6.21% | +7.43% | +11.23% | +8.11% | +8.16% | +8.25% |
| Cost structure | ||||||||
| Cost of revenue / sales | +81.68% | +82.09% | +80.98% | +78.99% | +75.87% | +80.44% | +77.12% | +78.43% |
| R&D intensity | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
| SG&A intensity | +12.24% | +11.82% | +11.03% | +10.39% | +9.70% | +10.57% | +10.54% | +10.60% |
| Effective tax rate | +24.66% | -4.28% | +16.69% | +21.62% | +20.94% | +19.00% | +20.12% | +19.08% |
Returns on capital
ROE / ROA / ROC / ROIC over the relevant capital base, plus the 3-step DuPont decomposition of ROE.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Returns | ||||||||
| Return on equity (ROE) | +17.79% | +24.60% | +25.31% | +30.65% | +41.76% | +32.29% | +32.22% | +32.31% |
| Return on assets (ROA) | +6.49% | +9.47% | +9.78% | +11.09% | +15.88% | +12.17% | +12.01% | +12.61% |
| Return on capital (ROC) | +14.27% | +18.27% | +27.26% | +37.22% | +40.58% | +34.70% | +36.01% | +35.95% |
| Return on invested capital (ROIC) | +10.86% | +17.71% | +21.07% | +25.95% | +31.61% | +26.08% | +25.94% | +26.28% |
| Asset turnover | +139.13% | +159.40% | +157.51% | +149.17% | +141.30% | +150.02% | +147.15% | +152.89% |
| DuPont · ROE decomposition | ||||||||
| Net margin | +4.66% | +5.94% | +6.21% | +7.43% | +11.23% | +8.11% | +8.16% | +8.25% |
| Asset turnover (× revenue / assets) | +139.13% | +159.40% | +157.51% | +149.17% | +141.30% | +150.02% | +147.15% | +152.89% |
| Equity multiplier (× assets / equity) | +274.20% | +259.77% | +258.69% | +276.36% | +263.04% | +265.28% | +268.32% | +256.31% |
Activity & efficiency
Turnover ratios and days-outstanding — how efficiently the business converts assets and working capital into sales and cash.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turnover | ||||||||
| Asset turnover | 1.39 | 1.59 | 1.58 | 1.49 | 1.41 | 1.50 | 1.47 | 1.53 |
| Fixed-asset turnover | 12.13 | 15.08 | 12.57 | 13.88 | 12.80 | — | — | — |
| Inventory turnover | 114.88 | 96.26 | 64.33 | 93.73 | 82.15 | — | — | — |
| Receivables turnover | 3.33 | 3.55 | 3.28 | 3.29 | 3.13 | — | — | — |
| Payables turnover | 9.85 | 10.07 | 10.04 | 8.48 | 9.92 | — | — | — |
| Days outstanding | ||||||||
| Days sales outstanding (DSO) | 109.61 | 102.85 | 111.19 | 110.88 | 116.54 | — | — | — |
| Days inventory outstanding (DIO) | 3.18 | 3.79 | 5.67 | 3.89 | 4.44 | — | — | — |
| Days payables outstanding (DPO) | 37.04 | 36.23 | 36.36 | 43.06 | 36.81 | — | — | — |
| Cash conversion cycle | 75.74 | 70.41 | 80.51 | 71.71 | 84.18 | — | — | — |
Cash flow quality
How well reported earnings translate into operating and free cash flow, plus reinvestment intensity.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Operating CF / Net income | 1.26 | 1.23 | 1.98 | 1.63 | 1.16 | 1.50 | 1.52 | 1.54 |
| FCF / Net income | 1.10 | 1.03 | 1.68 | 1.41 | 1.01 | 1.35 | 1.34 | 1.28 |
| FCF margin | +5.13% | +6.11% | +10.46% | +10.50% | +11.33% | +10.98% | +10.90% | +10.54% |
| OCF margin | +5.86% | +7.28% | +12.28% | +12.08% | +13.03% | +12.16% | +12.43% | +12.72% |
| CapEx / Revenue | +0.73% | +1.17% | +1.82% | +1.58% | +1.70% | +1.69% | +1.73% | +1.67% |
| CapEx / D&A | 0.32 | 0.59 | 1.16 | 0.76 | 1.95 | — | — | — |
| Stock-based comp / Revenue | +0.34% | +0.25% | +0.25% | +0.24% | +0.24% | — | — | — |
Per-share & shareholder yield
EPS, book value, sales, cash flow and dividends per share — plus payout / retention.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EPS · diluted | 3.93 | 6.82 | 9.01 | 14.60 | 28.88 | 43.15 | 53.20 | 66.08 |
| EPS · basic | 3.95 | 6.84 | 9.03 | 14.64 | 28.93 | 43.44 | 53.75 | 66.15 |
| Book value / share | 22.10 | 27.74 | 35.60 | 47.65 | 69.15 | 84.12 | 100.18 | 116.96 |
| Tangible BV / share | -2.50 | 3.17 | 9.21 | 11.04 | 26.49 | 84.12 | 100.18 | 116.96 |
| Sales / share | 84.32 | 114.86 | 145.06 | 196.44 | 257.01 | 334.78 | 395.53 | 458.35 |
| Operating CF / share | 4.94 | 8.37 | 17.82 | 23.73 | 33.50 | 40.71 | 49.18 | 58.31 |
| Free cash flow / share | 4.33 | 7.02 | 15.18 | 20.63 | 29.13 | 36.78 | 43.10 | 48.32 |
| Dividends / share | 0.48 | 0.56 | 0.85 | 1.20 | 1.94 | 2.19 | 2.59 | 2.91 |
| Payout ratio | +12.13% | +8.16% | +9.39% | +8.19% | +6.73% | +8.07% | +8.03% | +7.70% |
| Retention ratio | +87.87% | +91.84% | +90.61% | +91.81% | +93.27% | +91.93% | +91.97% | +92.30% |
Growth
Year-over-year change for headline P&L lines, plus through-cycle CAGR
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 7y CAGR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Top-line | |||||||||
| Revenue · YoY | — | +34.71% | +25.76% | +34.97% | +29.52% | +30.66% | +18.13% | +14.76% | +26.71% |
| Gross profit · YoY | — | +31.68% | +33.56% | +49.06% | +48.73% | +15.00% | +17.72% | +15.49% | +29.46% |
| Profit | |||||||||
| Operating income · YoY | — | +34.71% | +64.82% | +79.11% | +75.16% | -2.20% | +23.95% | +14.28% | +38.24% |
| EBITDA · YoY | — | +24.64% | +45.35% | +70.71% | +76.77% | -0.00% | +18.50% | +13.36% | +32.96% |
| Net income · YoY | — | +71.57% | +31.49% | +61.54% | +95.73% | -5.65% | +18.80% | +15.98% | +37.46% |
| Operating | |||||||||
| EBIT · YoY | — | +26.99% | +60.14% | +69.14% | +93.93% | -6.65% | +22.81% | +11.24% | +35.78% |
| R&D · YoY | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Per-share | |||||||||
| EPS · diluted · YoY | — | +73.54% | +32.11% | +62.04% | +97.81% | +49.40% | +23.29% | +24.23% | +49.66% |
| EPS · basic · YoY | — | +73.16% | +32.02% | +62.13% | +97.61% | +50.15% | +23.73% | +23.09% | +49.57% |
Credit & leverage
Balance-sheet health + interest coverage + liquidity. Coverage ratios use period-end debt and trailing interest expense.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leverage | ||||||||
| Total debt | $514.78M | $389.14M | $256.77M | $308.6M | $785.95M | $711.58M | $860.37M | $944.82M |
| Net debt | $456.01M | $331.93M | $51.62M | -$241.34M | -$195.95M | -$196.01M | -$177.91M | -$293.66M |
| Net debt / EBITDA | 1.73 | 1.01 | 0.11 | -0.30 | -0.14 | -0.14 | -0.10 | -0.15 |
| Debt / equity | 0.64 | 0.39 | 0.20 | 0.18 | 0.32 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.23 |
| Debt / assets | +23.30% | +14.98% | +7.77% | +6.55% | +12.20% | +8.98% | +9.01% | +8.96% |
| Equity / assets | +36.47% | +38.50% | +38.66% | +36.18% | +38.02% | +37.70% | +37.27% | +39.01% |
| Coverage | ||||||||
| EBITDA / interest expense | 46.38 | 24.06 | 46.56 | 122.91 | 160.33 | 94.99 | 90.81 | 90.63 |
| Operating income / interest | 33.08 | 18.55 | 40.70 | 112.72 | 145.70 | 84.42 | 84.42 | 84.94 |
| Interest expense | $5.7M | $13.68M | $10.28M | $6.65M | $9.01M | $15.21M | $18.85M | $21.41M |
| Liquidity | ||||||||
| Current ratio | 1.23 | 1.12 | 1.11 | 1.08 | 1.21 | — | — | — |
| Quick ratio | 1.17 | 1.05 | 1.04 | 1.04 | 1.15 | — | — | — |
| Cash ratio | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.12 | 0.21 | 0.29 | — | — | — |
| Working capital | $190.77M | $136.87M | $189.9M | $207.47M | $716.7M | — | — | — |
| Working capital / revenue | +6.21% | +3.31% | +3.65% | +2.95% | +7.87% | — | — | — |
Methodology. ROE / ROA / ROC use period-end balance-sheet denominators (no average-of- period smoothing). ROIC = Operating Income × (1 − inferred effective tax rate) over invested capital, with the effective tax inferred from net-to-operating income when both are positive and a 25% default otherwise. Net debt / EBITDA, debt ratios, and interest-coverage ratios are calculated point-in-time at each fiscal year-end. TTM = trailing 4 quarters (income / cash flow summed, balance sheet = most-recent quarterly snapshot). Through-cycle CAGR in the Growth panel uses the geometric mean of first-to-last period growth across the window (positive values only).