Ratios & metrics
Profitability, returns on capital, growth, and credit — all derived from the historical income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow rows in our data warehouse.
Valuation multiples
Price- and EV-based multiples plus shareholder yields. Snapshot at each fiscal year-end from key_metrics (FMP).
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Headline | |||||||||
| Market cap | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Enterprise value | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Multiples | |||||||||
| P / E | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| P / B | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / EBITDA | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / Sales | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / FCF | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Yields | |||||||||
| Earnings yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Free cash flow yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Dividend yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Profitability
Margin structure across the last 5 fiscal years
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Margins | |||||||||
| Gross margin | +37.44% | +36.04% | +37.19% | +37.56% | +36.86% | +36.46% | +37.29% | +37.35% | +37.17% |
| Operating margin | +15.15% | +19.57% | +20.77% | +16.88% | +16.47% | +17.89% | +17.73% | +18.48% | +18.15% |
| EBITDA margin | +36.18% | +29.58% | +29.55% | +33.43% | +27.16% | +29.20% | +29.67% | +29.56% | +29.97% |
| EBIT margin | +7.24% | +12.75% | +13.99% | +16.27% | +9.53% | +13.10% | +13.27% | +13.38% | +13.14% |
| Pre-tax margin | +5.73% | +9.68% | +6.73% | +11.38% | +6.09% | +8.26% | +8.10% | +7.90% | +8.15% |
| Net margin | +3.00% | -172.03% | -67.69% | +14.32% | +3.58% | -16.29% | -16.17% | -16.17% | -16.68% |
| Cost structure | |||||||||
| Cost of revenue / sales | +62.56% | +63.96% | +62.81% | +62.44% | +63.14% | +60.93% | +63.40% | +63.94% | +62.42% |
| R&D intensity | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
| SG&A intensity | +22.29% | +16.47% | +16.42% | +21.58% | +21.20% | +19.52% | +19.53% | +20.07% | +20.17% |
| Effective tax rate | +46.67% | +34.54% | +23.72% | +31.42% | +40.77% | +30.37% | +31.84% | +32.60% | +31.12% |
Returns on capital
ROE / ROA / ROC / ROIC over the relevant capital base, plus the 3-step DuPont decomposition of ROE.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Returns | |||||||||
| Return on equity (ROE) | +0.88% | -61.01% | -34.92% | +9.24% | +2.75% | -10.15% | -9.68% | -9.81% | -10.19% |
| Return on assets (ROA) | +0.50% | -26.42% | -12.11% | +4.29% | +1.14% | -4.14% | -4.10% | -4.10% | -4.26% |
| Return on capital (ROC) | +3.07% | +3.98% | +5.32% | +6.27% | +9.82% | +6.41% | +6.29% | +6.50% | +6.52% |
| Return on invested capital (ROIC) | +0.61% | +2.98% | +3.99% | +5.32% | +2.13% | +4.81% | +4.72% | +4.87% | +4.89% |
| Asset turnover | +16.73% | +15.36% | +17.88% | +29.98% | +31.88% | +25.44% | +25.34% | +25.39% | +25.56% |
| DuPont · ROE decomposition | |||||||||
| Net margin | +3.00% | -172.03% | -67.69% | +14.32% | +3.58% | -16.29% | -16.17% | -16.17% | -16.68% |
| Asset turnover (× revenue / assets) | +16.73% | +15.36% | +17.88% | +29.98% | +31.88% | +25.44% | +25.34% | +25.39% | +25.56% |
| Equity multiplier (× assets / equity) | +174.47% | +230.89% | +288.48% | +215.18% | +240.89% | +244.92% | +236.27% | +239.06% | +239.07% |
Activity & efficiency
Turnover ratios and days-outstanding — how efficiently the business converts assets and working capital into sales and cash.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turnover | |||||||||
| Asset turnover | 0.17 | 0.15 | 0.18 | 0.30 | 0.32 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.26 |
| Fixed-asset turnover | 9.83 | 10.12 | 10.82 | 11.56 | 15.45 | — | — | — | — |
| Inventory turnover | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Receivables turnover | 2.60 | 4.01 | 4.91 | 4.51 | 4.49 | — | — | — | — |
| Payables turnover | 4.75 | 9.98 | 56.14 | 29.55 | — | — | — | — | — |
| Days outstanding | |||||||||
| Days sales outstanding (DSO) | 140.56 | 91.03 | 74.29 | 80.95 | 81.23 | — | — | — | — |
| Days inventory outstanding (DIO) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Days payables outstanding (DPO) | 76.89 | 36.58 | 6.50 | 12.35 | — | — | — | — | — |
| Cash conversion cycle | 63.67 | 54.45 | 67.79 | 68.60 | 81.23 | — | — | — | — |
Cash flow quality
How well reported earnings translate into operating and free cash flow, plus reinvestment intensity.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Operating CF / Net income | 11.53 | -0.24 | -0.65 | 1.43 | 7.76 | -1.92 | -1.92 | -1.91 | -1.86 |
| FCF / Net income | 8.53 | -0.22 | -0.63 | 1.36 | 7.35 | -1.84 | -1.81 | -1.79 | -1.76 |
| FCF margin | +25.65% | +37.77% | +42.93% | +19.49% | +26.31% | +30.02% | +29.21% | +29.00% | +29.28% |
| OCF margin | +34.66% | +40.53% | +44.10% | +20.45% | +27.75% | +31.20% | +31.04% | +30.89% | +30.95% |
| CapEx / Revenue | +9.01% | +2.76% | +1.17% | +0.96% | +1.44% | +1.20% | +1.21% | +1.21% | +1.18% |
| CapEx / D&A | 0.31 | 0.16 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.08 | — | — | — | — |
| Stock-based comp / Revenue | +2.76% | +1.94% | +1.22% | +1.84% | +1.70% | — | — | — | — |
Per-share & shareholder yield
EPS, book value, sales, cash flow and dividends per share — plus payout / retention.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EPS · diluted | 0.67 | -27.68 | -11.26 | 1.42 | 0.75 | 6.28 | 6.84 | 7.53 | 8.01 |
| EPS · basic | 0.68 | -27.68 | -11.26 | 1.42 | 0.74 | 6.30 | 6.88 | 7.61 | 8.09 |
| Book value / share | 76.54 | 45.37 | 32.24 | 28.29 | 26.79 | 43.02 | 46.67 | 47.92 | 48.33 |
| Tangible BV / share | -33.23 | 10.04 | -3.14 | -9.74 | -9.29 | 43.02 | 46.67 | 47.92 | 48.33 |
| Sales / share | 22.35 | 16.09 | 16.63 | 18.25 | 20.57 | 26.81 | 27.95 | 29.08 | 29.54 |
| Operating CF / share | 7.75 | 6.52 | 7.34 | 3.73 | 5.71 | 8.36 | 8.67 | 8.98 | 9.14 |
| Free cash flow / share | 5.73 | 6.08 | 7.14 | 3.56 | 5.41 | 8.05 | 8.16 | 8.43 | 8.65 |
| Dividends / share | 1.55 | 1.88 | 2.08 | 1.44 | 1.63 | 2.49 | 2.72 | 2.76 | 2.76 |
| Payout ratio | +230.46% | -6.81% | -18.50% | +55.17% | +221.73% | -57.08% | -60.13% | -58.68% | -56.08% |
| Retention ratio | -130.46% | +106.81% | +118.50% | +44.83% | -121.73% | +157.08% | +160.13% | +158.68% | +156.08% |
Growth
Year-over-year change for headline P&L lines, plus through-cycle CAGR
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E | 8y CAGR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Top-line | ||||||||||
| Revenue · YoY | — | -29.96% | +1.15% | +3.01% | +5.43% | +29.22% | +4.67% | +4.02% | +1.88% | +1.23% |
| Gross profit · YoY | — | -32.57% | +4.37% | +4.05% | +3.47% | +27.80% | +7.04% | +4.20% | +1.39% | +1.14% |
| Profit | ||||||||||
| Operating income · YoY | — | -9.51% | +7.36% | -16.31% | +2.93% | +40.35% | +3.73% | +8.39% | +0.08% | +3.55% |
| EBITDA · YoY | — | -42.74% | +1.04% | +16.52% | -14.33% | +38.93% | +6.36% | +3.62% | +3.27% | -1.13% |
| Net income · YoY | — | -4109.59% | +60.20% | +121.79% | -73.66% | -688.31% | -3.93% | -3.97% | -5.10% | — |
| Operating | ||||||||||
| EBIT · YoY | — | +23.28% | +10.98% | +19.85% | -38.29% | +77.73% | +5.99% | +4.91% | +0.02% | +9.05% |
| R&D · YoY | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Per-share | ||||||||||
| EPS · diluted · YoY | — | -4222.43% | +59.32% | +112.61% | -47.18% | +736.99% | +9.03% | +10.05% | +6.34% | +36.32% |
| EPS · basic · YoY | — | -4188.94% | +59.32% | +112.61% | -47.89% | +751.37% | +9.17% | +10.62% | +6.35% | +36.36% |
Credit & leverage
Balance-sheet health + interest coverage + liquidity. Coverage ratios use period-end debt and trailing interest expense.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leverage | |||||||||
| Total debt | $20.88B | $20.41B | $19.34B | $11.54B | $4.01B | $16.35B | $16.56B | $17.96B | $17.55B |
| Net debt | $18.87B | $19.95B | $18.9B | $10.71B | $3.41B | $15.52B | $15.68B | $17.05B | $16.6B |
| Net debt / EBITDA | 3.76 | 6.94 | 6.51 | 3.16 | 1.18 | 3.85 | 3.66 | 3.84 | 3.62 |
| Debt / equity | 0.44 | 0.74 | 1.01 | 0.74 | 0.29 | 0.74 | 0.69 | 0.73 | 0.70 |
| Debt / assets | +25.17% | +32.25% | +35.18% | +34.16% | +11.98% | +30.16% | +29.06% | +30.34% | +29.33% |
| Equity / assets | +57.32% | +43.31% | +34.66% | +46.47% | +41.51% | +40.83% | +42.32% | +41.83% | +41.83% |
| Coverage | |||||||||
| EBITDA / interest expense | 23.25 | 9.65 | 4.07 | 9.64 | 7.90 | 6.38 | 6.40 | 6.42 | 6.44 |
| Operating income / interest | 9.73 | 6.38 | 2.86 | 4.87 | 4.79 | 3.91 | 3.82 | 4.02 | 3.90 |
| Interest expense | $216M | $298M | $713M | $351M | $367M | $631.51M | $669.91M | $691.13M | $712.39M |
| Liquidity | |||||||||
| Current ratio | 0.74 | 0.79 | 0.75 | 0.85 | 0.59 | — | — | — | — |
| Quick ratio | 0.51 | 0.18 | 0.13 | 0.51 | 0.39 | — | — | — | — |
| Cash ratio | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.14 | 0.08 | — | — | — | — |
| Working capital | -$3.76B | -$3.41B | -$4.57B | -$908M | -$3.13B | — | — | — | — |
| Working capital / revenue | -27.08% | -35.04% | -46.52% | -8.97% | -29.30% | — | — | — | — |
Methodology. ROE / ROA / ROC use period-end balance-sheet denominators (no average-of- period smoothing). ROIC = Operating Income × (1 − inferred effective tax rate) over invested capital, with the effective tax inferred from net-to-operating income when both are positive and a 25% default otherwise. Net debt / EBITDA, debt ratios, and interest-coverage ratios are calculated point-in-time at each fiscal year-end. TTM = trailing 4 quarters (income / cash flow summed, balance sheet = most-recent quarterly snapshot). Through-cycle CAGR in the Growth panel uses the geometric mean of first-to-last period growth across the window (positive values only).