Ratios & metrics
Profitability, returns on capital, growth, and credit — all derived from the historical income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow rows in our data warehouse.
Valuation multiples
Price- and EV-based multiples plus shareholder yields. Snapshot at each fiscal year-end from key_metrics (FMP).
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Headline | ||||||||
| Market cap | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Enterprise value | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Multiples | ||||||||
| P / E | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| P / B | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / EBITDA | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / Sales | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / FCF | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Yields | ||||||||
| Earnings yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Free cash flow yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Dividend yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Profitability
Margin structure across the last 5 fiscal years
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Margins | ||||||||
| Gross margin | +33.91% | +31.88% | +30.57% | +30.68% | +26.55% | +29.55% | +28.89% | +29.43% |
| Operating margin | +14.43% | +11.88% | +10.69% | +11.52% | +9.55% | +10.28% | +10.61% | +10.61% |
| EBITDA margin | +18.10% | +14.78% | +14.07% | +14.21% | +11.55% | +13.19% | +13.18% | +13.28% |
| EBIT margin | +14.24% | +11.88% | +11.24% | +11.52% | +9.27% | +10.62% | +10.65% | +10.57% |
| Pre-tax margin | +14.19% | +10.51% | +11.44% | +12.36% | +9.27% | +10.91% | +10.98% | +11.22% |
| Net margin | +12.82% | +8.69% | +8.89% | +9.61% | +6.92% | +8.26% | +8.32% | +8.51% |
| Cost structure | ||||||||
| Cost of revenue / sales | +66.09% | +68.12% | +69.43% | +69.32% | +73.45% | +71.57% | +69.46% | +68.86% |
| R&D intensity | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
| SG&A intensity | +17.26% | +18.09% | +17.38% | +17.27% | +17.02% | +16.78% | +16.85% | +17.56% |
| Effective tax rate | +9.70% | +17.32% | +22.27% | +22.22% | +25.30% | +24.00% | +23.02% | +22.97% |
Returns on capital
ROE / ROA / ROC / ROIC over the relevant capital base, plus the 3-step DuPont decomposition of ROE.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Returns | ||||||||
| Return on equity (ROE) | +19.30% | +13.97% | +12.01% | +12.52% | +10.27% | +11.66% | +11.35% | +11.65% |
| Return on assets (ROA) | +13.67% | +10.46% | +9.58% | +9.57% | +7.70% | +8.70% | +8.63% | +9.26% |
| Return on capital (ROC) | +19.83% | +17.93% | +13.76% | +14.35% | +13.64% | +13.87% | +13.87% | +13.90% |
| Return on invested capital (ROIC) | +17.61% | +13.12% | +11.45% | +11.98% | +9.88% | +11.15% | +10.88% | +11.14% |
| Asset turnover | +106.67% | +120.34% | +107.77% | +99.53% | +111.32% | +105.30% | +103.71% | +108.78% |
| DuPont · ROE decomposition | ||||||||
| Net margin | +12.82% | +8.69% | +8.89% | +9.61% | +6.92% | +8.26% | +8.32% | +8.51% |
| Asset turnover (× revenue / assets) | +106.67% | +120.34% | +107.77% | +99.53% | +111.32% | +105.30% | +103.71% | +108.78% |
| Equity multiplier (× assets / equity) | +141.16% | +133.50% | +125.38% | +130.83% | +133.29% | +134.00% | +131.53% | +125.87% |
Activity & efficiency
Turnover ratios and days-outstanding — how efficiently the business converts assets and working capital into sales and cash.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turnover | ||||||||
| Asset turnover | 1.07 | 1.20 | 1.08 | 1.00 | 1.11 | 1.05 | 1.04 | 1.09 |
| Fixed-asset turnover | 8.93 | 11.43 | 12.68 | 14.07 | 17.20 | — | — | — |
| Inventory turnover | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Receivables turnover | 4.89 | 5.17 | 5.23 | 4.72 | 4.92 | — | — | — |
| Payables turnover | 99.96 | 106.53 | 101.79 | 73.32 | 72.45 | — | — | — |
| Days outstanding | ||||||||
| Days sales outstanding (DSO) | 74.68 | 70.56 | 69.80 | 77.37 | 74.12 | — | — | — |
| Days inventory outstanding (DIO) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Days payables outstanding (DPO) | 3.65 | 3.43 | 3.59 | 4.98 | 5.04 | — | — | — |
| Cash conversion cycle | 71.03 | 67.13 | 66.22 | 72.39 | 69.08 | — | — | — |
Cash flow quality
How well reported earnings translate into operating and free cash flow, plus reinvestment intensity.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Operating CF / Net income | 1.19 | 1.11 | 1.35 | 1.23 | 1.73 | 1.42 | 1.48 | 1.39 |
| FCF / Net income | 0.96 | 0.91 | 1.28 | 1.16 | 1.62 | 1.40 | 1.38 | 1.35 |
| FCF margin | +12.26% | +7.93% | +11.39% | +11.15% | +11.23% | +11.53% | +11.48% | +11.50% |
| OCF margin | +15.23% | +9.62% | +12.00% | +11.83% | +12.00% | +11.71% | +12.29% | +11.79% |
| CapEx / Revenue | +2.97% | +1.69% | +0.61% | +0.68% | +0.77% | +0.68% | +0.69% | +0.70% |
| CapEx / D&A | 0.77 | 0.58 | 0.21 | 0.25 | 0.25 | — | — | — |
| Stock-based comp / Revenue | +2.97% | +2.07% | +3.15% | +3.54% | +3.24% | — | — | — |
Per-share & shareholder yield
EPS, book value, sales, cash flow and dividends per share — plus payout / retention.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EPS · diluted | 8.15 | 7.09 | 7.06 | 7.84 | 6.72 | 13.04 | 14.16 | 15.37 |
| EPS · basic | 8.52 | 7.32 | 7.21 | 7.93 | 6.76 | 13.12 | 14.17 | 15.76 |
| Book value / share | 42.26 | 50.75 | 58.75 | 62.62 | 65.40 | 72.44 | 80.01 | 84.64 |
| Tangible BV / share | 31.56 | 40.50 | 48.03 | 34.72 | 36.64 | 72.44 | 80.01 | 84.64 |
| Sales / share | 63.63 | 81.54 | 79.39 | 81.54 | 97.04 | 102.21 | 109.14 | 115.89 |
| Operating CF / share | 9.69 | 7.84 | 9.52 | 9.64 | 11.65 | 11.97 | 13.41 | 13.67 |
| Free cash flow / share | 7.80 | 6.46 | 9.04 | 9.09 | 10.90 | 11.79 | 12.53 | 13.33 |
| Dividends / share | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Payout ratio | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
| Retention ratio | +100.00% | +100.00% | +100.00% | +100.00% | +100.00% | +100.00% | +100.00% | +100.00% |
Growth
Year-over-year change for headline P&L lines, plus through-cycle CAGR
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 7y CAGR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Top-line | |||||||||
| Revenue · YoY | — | +28.38% | -2.78% | +0.80% | +15.42% | +5.13% | +5.91% | +7.02% | +8.15% |
| Gross profit · YoY | — | +20.68% | -6.76% | +1.14% | -0.12% | +17.04% | +3.53% | +9.01% | +5.98% |
| Profit | |||||||||
| Operating income · YoY | — | +5.65% | -12.52% | +8.65% | -4.30% | +13.12% | +9.34% | +7.05% | +3.50% |
| EBITDA · YoY | — | +4.81% | -7.45% | +1.79% | -6.14% | +20.03% | +5.86% | +7.77% | +3.46% |
| Net income · YoY | — | -12.92% | -0.56% | +8.98% | -16.91% | +25.52% | +6.62% | +9.49% | +2.00% |
| Operating | |||||||||
| EBIT · YoY | — | +7.07% | -7.99% | +3.31% | -7.15% | +20.49% | +6.26% | +6.19% | +3.64% |
| R&D · YoY | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Per-share | |||||||||
| EPS · diluted · YoY | — | -13.01% | -0.42% | +11.05% | -14.29% | +94.07% | +8.60% | +8.54% | +9.49% |
| EPS · basic · YoY | — | -14.08% | -1.50% | +9.99% | -14.75% | +94.12% | +8.01% | +11.16% | +9.18% |
Credit & leverage
Balance-sheet health + interest coverage + liquidity. Coverage ratios use period-end debt and trailing interest expense.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leverage | ||||||||
| Total debt | $239.16M | $193.22M | $171.95M | $163.25M | $143.7M | $184.43M | $191.76M | $216.36M |
| Net debt | -$1.21B | -$1.49B | -$1.86B | -$1.12B | -$1.15B | -$1.66B | -$1.76B | -$1.82B |
| Net debt / EBITDA | -1.77 | -2.09 | -2.83 | -1.67 | -1.83 | -2.19 | -2.20 | -2.11 |
| Debt / equity | 0.10 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.05 |
| Debt / assets | +6.79% | +4.82% | +3.95% | +3.44% | +2.93% | +3.38% | +3.27% | +3.62% |
| Equity / assets | +70.84% | +74.90% | +79.76% | +76.44% | +75.02% | +74.63% | +76.03% | +79.45% |
| Coverage | ||||||||
| EBITDA / interest expense | 393.90 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Operating income / interest | 314.02 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Interest expense | $1.73M | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 |
| Liquidity | ||||||||
| Current ratio | 2.97 | 3.69 | 4.79 | 2.96 | 2.59 | — | — | — |
| Quick ratio | 2.90 | 3.58 | 4.64 | 2.79 | 2.46 | — | — | — |
| Cash ratio | 1.89 | 2.25 | 3.16 | 1.57 | 1.33 | — | — | — |
| Working capital | $1.51B | $2.01B | $2.45B | $1.61B | $1.56B | — | — | — |
| Working capital / revenue | +40.07% | +41.71% | +52.16% | +33.95% | +28.53% | — | — | — |
Methodology. ROE / ROA / ROC use period-end balance-sheet denominators (no average-of- period smoothing). ROIC = Operating Income × (1 − inferred effective tax rate) over invested capital, with the effective tax inferred from net-to-operating income when both are positive and a 25% default otherwise. Net debt / EBITDA, debt ratios, and interest-coverage ratios are calculated point-in-time at each fiscal year-end. TTM = trailing 4 quarters (income / cash flow summed, balance sheet = most-recent quarterly snapshot). Through-cycle CAGR in the Growth panel uses the geometric mean of first-to-last period growth across the window (positive values only).