Ratios & metrics
Profitability, returns on capital, growth, and credit — all derived from the historical income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow rows in our data warehouse.
Valuation multiples
Price- and EV-based multiples plus shareholder yields. Snapshot at each fiscal year-end from key_metrics (FMP).
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Headline | ||||||||
| Market cap | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Enterprise value | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Multiples | ||||||||
| P / E | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| P / B | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / EBITDA | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / Sales | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / FCF | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Yields | ||||||||
| Earnings yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Free cash flow yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Dividend yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Profitability
Margin structure across the last 5 fiscal years
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Margins | ||||||||
| Gross margin | +20.76% | +17.77% | +20.52% | +21.52% | +18.34% | +20.11% | +20.14% | +20.24% |
| Operating margin | +11.96% | +10.32% | +10.57% | +12.02% | +13.23% | +11.90% | +11.84% | +11.74% |
| EBITDA margin | +2.45% | +13.49% | +15.15% | +16.08% | +16.32% | +15.71% | +16.29% | +15.98% |
| EBIT margin | -1.47% | +9.94% | +11.00% | +12.29% | +12.63% | +11.99% | +12.07% | +11.94% |
| Pre-tax margin | -3.65% | +8.48% | +6.74% | +6.30% | +9.41% | +7.70% | +7.70% | +7.28% |
| Net margin | -4.91% | +5.62% | +3.75% | +3.59% | +5.94% | +4.36% | +4.40% | +4.44% |
| Cost structure | ||||||||
| Cost of revenue / sales | +79.24% | +82.23% | +79.48% | +78.48% | +81.66% | +78.99% | +80.95% | +80.97% |
| R&D intensity | +0.41% | +0.26% | +0.27% | +0.27% | 0.00% | +0.18% | +0.18% | +0.19% |
| SG&A intensity | +18.41% | +4.17% | +5.20% | +5.34% | +5.11% | +5.08% | +5.27% | +5.25% |
| Effective tax rate | — | +22.13% | +27.44% | +24.63% | +24.14% | +24.13% | +25.19% | +26.81% |
Returns on capital
ROE / ROA / ROC / ROIC over the relevant capital base, plus the 3-step DuPont decomposition of ROE.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Returns | ||||||||
| Return on equity (ROE) | -24.03% | +31.79% | +15.71% | +13.14% | +21.09% | +16.49% | +17.02% | +16.29% |
| Return on assets (ROA) | -4.04% | +5.08% | +2.99% | +3.06% | +5.14% | +3.69% | +3.78% | +3.76% |
| Return on capital (ROC) | +15.50% | +14.06% | +12.01% | +14.70% | +16.95% | +14.21% | +14.27% | +14.13% |
| Return on invested capital (ROIC) | +11.62% | +7.65% | +4.26% | +4.39% | +7.60% | +5.20% | +5.31% | +5.35% |
| Asset turnover | +82.22% | +90.50% | +79.89% | +85.22% | +86.64% | +84.78% | +85.87% | +84.66% |
| DuPont · ROE decomposition | ||||||||
| Net margin | -4.91% | +5.62% | +3.75% | +3.59% | +5.94% | +4.36% | +4.40% | +4.44% |
| Asset turnover (× revenue / assets) | +82.22% | +90.50% | +79.89% | +85.22% | +86.64% | +84.78% | +85.87% | +84.66% |
| Equity multiplier (× assets / equity) | +594.76% | +625.32% | +524.93% | +429.00% | +410.11% | +446.44% | +450.08% | +432.89% |
Activity & efficiency
Turnover ratios and days-outstanding — how efficiently the business converts assets and working capital into sales and cash.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turnover | ||||||||
| Asset turnover | 0.82 | 0.91 | 0.80 | 0.85 | 0.87 | 0.85 | 0.86 | 0.85 |
| Fixed-asset turnover | 2.70 | 2.72 | 2.28 | 2.30 | 2.30 | — | — | — |
| Inventory turnover | 5.20 | 5.28 | 5.92 | 6.43 | 6.40 | — | — | — |
| Receivables turnover | 5.96 | 6.95 | 6.95 | 7.09 | 6.88 | — | — | — |
| Payables turnover | 3.11 | 3.84 | 3.88 | 3.82 | 3.82 | — | — | — |
| Days outstanding | ||||||||
| Days sales outstanding (DSO) | 61.25 | 52.48 | 52.49 | 51.50 | 53.07 | — | — | — |
| Days inventory outstanding (DIO) | 70.14 | 69.07 | 61.67 | 56.75 | 57.01 | — | — | — |
| Days payables outstanding (DPO) | 117.27 | 95.10 | 94.02 | 95.57 | 95.54 | — | — | — |
| Cash conversion cycle | 14.11 | 26.45 | 20.14 | 12.68 | 14.54 | — | — | — |
Cash flow quality
How well reported earnings translate into operating and free cash flow, plus reinvestment intensity.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Operating CF / Net income | -1.62 | 1.10 | 3.23 | 2.81 | 2.06 | 2.63 | 2.58 | 2.58 |
| FCF / Net income | -0.16 | -0.05 | 1.47 | 1.86 | 1.50 | 1.57 | 1.61 | 1.55 |
| FCF margin | +0.78% | -0.28% | +5.50% | +6.69% | +8.88% | +6.85% | +7.11% | +6.91% |
| OCF margin | +7.94% | +6.20% | +12.10% | +10.10% | +12.22% | +11.45% | +11.37% | +11.47% |
| CapEx / Revenue | +7.16% | +6.48% | +6.60% | +3.41% | +3.34% | +4.54% | +4.44% | +4.40% |
| CapEx / D&A | 1.76 | 1.82 | 1.59 | 0.90 | 0.91 | — | — | — |
| Stock-based comp / Revenue | +0.29% | +0.22% | +0.26% | +0.36% | 0.00% | — | — | — |
Per-share & shareholder yield
EPS, book value, sales, cash flow and dividends per share — plus payout / retention.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EPS · diluted | -3.52 | 5.99 | 3.76 | 3.55 | 6.38 | 8.12 | 8.81 | 9.50 |
| EPS · basic | -3.52 | 6.02 | 3.77 | 3.56 | 6.41 | 8.02 | 8.92 | 9.56 |
| Book value / share | 17.87 | 18.84 | 23.93 | 27.03 | 30.07 | 30.54 | 30.22 | 32.15 |
| Tangible BV / share | -16.89 | -16.66 | -12.63 | -6.45 | -5.48 | 30.54 | 30.22 | 32.15 |
| Sales / share | 87.39 | 106.63 | 100.36 | 98.81 | 106.83 | 115.59 | 116.78 | 117.83 |
| Operating CF / share | 6.94 | 6.62 | 12.14 | 9.98 | 13.05 | 13.23 | 13.28 | 13.52 |
| Free cash flow / share | 0.68 | -0.30 | 5.52 | 6.61 | 9.49 | 7.92 | 8.30 | 8.14 |
| Dividends / share | 0.81 | 0.87 | 0.96 | 1.00 | 1.04 | 1.12 | 1.15 | 1.13 |
| Payout ratio | -18.75% | +14.58% | +25.56% | +28.07% | +16.35% | +22.24% | +22.28% | +21.64% |
| Retention ratio | +118.75% | +85.42% | +74.44% | +71.93% | +83.65% | +77.76% | +77.72% | +78.36% |
Growth
Year-over-year change for headline P&L lines, plus through-cycle CAGR
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 7y CAGR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Top-line | |||||||||
| Revenue · YoY | — | +13.59% | -7.21% | -1.74% | +4.78% | +7.16% | +2.31% | +1.24% | +2.69% |
| Gross profit · YoY | — | -2.75% | +7.13% | +3.04% | -10.67% | +17.47% | +2.46% | +1.76% | +2.33% |
| Profit | |||||||||
| Operating income · YoY | — | -1.98% | -5.01% | +11.82% | +15.29% | -3.62% | +1.80% | +0.36% | +2.42% |
| EBITDA · YoY | — | +525.81% | +4.24% | +4.29% | +6.32% | +3.15% | +6.09% | -0.66% | +34.26% |
| Net income · YoY | — | +229.82% | -38.10% | -5.78% | +73.11% | -21.35% | +3.40% | +2.19% | — |
| Operating | |||||||||
| EBIT · YoY | — | +865.48% | +2.72% | +9.77% | +7.72% | +1.72% | +2.98% | +0.17% | — |
| R&D · YoY | — | -27.66% | -2.94% | -3.03% | -100.00% | — | +0.37% | +4.61% | -8.34% |
| Per-share | |||||||||
| EPS · diluted · YoY | — | +270.15% | -37.23% | -5.59% | +79.72% | +27.20% | +8.59% | +7.81% | — |
| EPS · basic · YoY | — | +271.00% | -37.38% | -5.57% | +80.06% | +25.16% | +11.21% | +7.14% | — |
Credit & leverage
Balance-sheet health + interest coverage + liquidity. Coverage ratios use period-end debt and trailing interest expense.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leverage | ||||||||
| Total debt | $6.46B | $7.21B | $7.7B | $6.42B | $6.17B | $7.6B | $7.74B | $7.65B |
| Net debt | $5.87B | $6.57B | $6.3B | $5.41B | $5.3B | $6.37B | $6.48B | $6.36B |
| Net debt / EBITDA | 21.05 | 3.76 | 3.46 | 2.85 | 2.62 | 3.06 | 2.94 | 2.90 |
| Debt / equity | 2.77 | 3.15 | 2.69 | 1.99 | 1.77 | 2.17 | 2.21 | 2.04 |
| Debt / assets | +46.64% | +50.43% | +51.22% | +46.37% | +43.26% | +48.61% | +49.03% | +47.21% |
| Equity / assets | +16.81% | +15.99% | +19.05% | +23.31% | +24.38% | +22.40% | +22.22% | +23.10% |
| Coverage | ||||||||
| EBITDA / interest expense | 1.10 | 6.15 | 4.17 | 4.20 | 5.07 | 4.50 | 4.48 | 4.38 |
| Operating income / interest | 5.39 | 4.70 | 2.91 | 3.14 | 4.11 | 3.41 | 3.26 | 3.21 |
| Interest expense | $253M | $284M | $436M | $452M | $398M | $462.67M | $492.93M | $501.25M |
| Liquidity | ||||||||
| Current ratio | 1.09 | 1.18 | 1.15 | 1.22 | 1.03 | — | — | — |
| Quick ratio | 0.61 | 0.64 | 0.74 | 0.77 | 0.63 | — | — | — |
| Cash ratio | 0.14 | 0.16 | 0.33 | 0.29 | 0.21 | — | — | — |
| Working capital | $362M | $727M | $632M | $746M | $122M | — | — | — |
| Working capital / revenue | +3.18% | +5.62% | +5.26% | +6.32% | +0.99% | — | — | — |
Methodology. ROE / ROA / ROC use period-end balance-sheet denominators (no average-of- period smoothing). ROIC = Operating Income × (1 − inferred effective tax rate) over invested capital, with the effective tax inferred from net-to-operating income when both are positive and a 25% default otherwise. Net debt / EBITDA, debt ratios, and interest-coverage ratios are calculated point-in-time at each fiscal year-end. TTM = trailing 4 quarters (income / cash flow summed, balance sheet = most-recent quarterly snapshot). Through-cycle CAGR in the Growth panel uses the geometric mean of first-to-last period growth across the window (positive values only).