Ratios & metrics
Profitability, returns on capital, growth, and credit — all derived from the historical income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow rows in our data warehouse.
Valuation multiples
Price- and EV-based multiples plus shareholder yields. Snapshot at each fiscal year-end from key_metrics (FMP).
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E | 2030E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Headline | |||||||||
| Market cap | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Enterprise value | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Multiples | |||||||||
| P / E | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| P / B | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / EBITDA | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / Sales | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / FCF | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Yields | |||||||||
| Earnings yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Free cash flow yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Dividend yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Profitability
Margin structure across the last 5 fiscal years
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E | 2030E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Margins | |||||||||
| Gross margin | +27.06% | +21.33% | +20.35% | +22.53% | +23.54% | +21.60% | +21.75% | +21.83% | +21.64% |
| Operating margin | +5.21% | +3.84% | +4.24% | +4.77% | +5.00% | +4.63% | +4.79% | +4.53% | +4.76% |
| EBITDA margin | +8.26% | +6.19% | +6.31% | +7.13% | +7.53% | +6.96% | +7.07% | +6.89% | +7.09% |
| EBIT margin | +5.21% | +3.84% | +4.24% | +4.77% | +5.00% | +4.73% | +4.56% | +4.72% | +4.54% |
| Pre-tax margin | +4.68% | +3.40% | +3.89% | +4.41% | +4.47% | +4.21% | +4.30% | +4.18% | +4.25% |
| Net margin | +3.59% | +2.62% | +2.96% | +3.38% | +3.43% | +3.17% | +3.20% | +3.34% | +3.33% |
| Cost structure | |||||||||
| Cost of revenue / sales | +72.94% | +78.67% | +79.65% | +77.47% | +76.46% | +79.02% | +75.94% | +77.82% | +79.72% |
| R&D intensity | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
| SG&A intensity | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
| Effective tax rate | +23.19% | +22.90% | +23.97% | +23.50% | +23.29% | +23.55% | +22.74% | +24.10% | +23.43% |
Returns on capital
ROE / ROA / ROC / ROIC over the relevant capital base, plus the 3-step DuPont decomposition of ROE.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E | 2030E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Returns | |||||||||
| Return on equity (ROE) | +16.19% | +15.16% | +16.79% | +16.65% | +15.58% | +16.09% | +15.87% | +16.50% | +16.56% |
| Return on assets (ROA) | +7.02% | +6.17% | +7.52% | +7.91% | +6.48% | +7.22% | +7.20% | +7.53% | +7.46% |
| Return on capital (ROC) | +13.77% | +12.67% | +14.75% | +15.26% | +12.32% | +14.04% | +14.11% | +13.54% | +14.06% |
| Return on invested capital (ROIC) | +9.49% | +8.65% | +10.31% | +10.79% | +8.45% | +9.62% | +9.43% | +9.97% | +9.84% |
| Asset turnover | +195.21% | +235.26% | +253.98% | +234.16% | +188.91% | +227.75% | +224.68% | +225.59% | +224.14% |
| DuPont · ROE decomposition | |||||||||
| Net margin | +3.59% | +2.62% | +2.96% | +3.38% | +3.43% | +3.17% | +3.20% | +3.34% | +3.33% |
| Asset turnover (× revenue / assets) | +195.21% | +235.26% | +253.98% | +234.16% | +188.91% | +227.75% | +224.68% | +225.59% | +224.14% |
| Equity multiplier (× assets / equity) | +230.78% | +245.70% | +223.38% | +210.50% | +240.49% | +222.75% | +220.58% | +219.11% | +221.91% |
Activity & efficiency
Turnover ratios and days-outstanding — how efficiently the business converts assets and working capital into sales and cash.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E | 2030E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turnover | |||||||||
| Asset turnover | 1.95 | 2.35 | 2.54 | 2.34 | 1.89 | 2.28 | 2.25 | 2.26 | 2.24 |
| Fixed-asset turnover | 2.49 | 3.17 | 3.58 | 3.18 | 2.73 | — | — | — | — |
| Inventory turnover | 22.16 | 25.72 | 31.97 | 26.86 | 25.39 | — | — | — | — |
| Receivables turnover | 97.53 | 85.16 | 104.90 | 88.02 | 87.82 | — | — | — | — |
| Payables turnover | 17.87 | 17.31 | 21.45 | 20.22 | 19.64 | — | — | — | — |
| Days outstanding | |||||||||
| Days sales outstanding (DSO) | 3.74 | 4.29 | 3.48 | 4.15 | 4.16 | — | — | — | — |
| Days inventory outstanding (DIO) | 16.47 | 14.19 | 11.42 | 13.59 | 14.38 | — | — | — | — |
| Days payables outstanding (DPO) | 20.43 | 21.09 | 17.02 | 18.05 | 18.58 | — | — | — | — |
| Cash conversion cycle | -0.22 | -2.61 | -2.12 | -0.32 | -0.05 | — | — | — | — |
Cash flow quality
How well reported earnings translate into operating and free cash flow, plus reinvestment intensity.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E | 2030E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Operating CF / Net income | 2.57 | 2.32 | 1.97 | 1.78 | 2.00 | 1.96 | 1.92 | 1.91 | 1.90 |
| FCF / Net income | 1.16 | 1.36 | 0.91 | 0.74 | 1.07 | 0.93 | 0.92 | 0.88 | 0.91 |
| FCF margin | +4.17% | +3.57% | +2.69% | +2.50% | +3.67% | +2.96% | +2.96% | +2.95% | +3.02% |
| OCF margin | +9.23% | +6.09% | +5.84% | +6.01% | +6.84% | +6.20% | +6.16% | +6.37% | +6.34% |
| CapEx / Revenue | +5.07% | +2.52% | +3.16% | +3.51% | +3.18% | +3.19% | +3.25% | +3.26% | +3.25% |
| CapEx / D&A | 1.66 | 1.08 | 1.52 | 1.49 | 1.25 | — | — | — | — |
| Stock-based comp / Revenue | +0.37% | +0.29% | +0.31% | +0.28% | +0.30% | — | — | — | — |
Per-share & shareholder yield
EPS, book value, sales, cash flow and dividends per share — plus payout / retention.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E | 2030E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EPS · diluted | 8.38 | 9.10 | 11.91 | 13.43 | 14.64 | 20.25 | 22.39 | 24.39 | 26.86 |
| EPS · basic | 8.44 | 9.14 | 11.99 | 13.51 | 14.72 | 20.31 | 22.55 | 24.79 | 27.27 |
| Book value / share | 51.74 | 59.98 | 70.91 | 80.69 | 93.96 | 98.26 | 106.56 | 109.99 | 116.44 |
| Tangible BV / share | 47.42 | 43.58 | 52.66 | 63.22 | 58.28 | 98.26 | 106.56 | 109.99 | 116.44 |
| Sales / share | 233.09 | 346.72 | 402.30 | 397.72 | 426.88 | 498.48 | 528.13 | 543.65 | 579.17 |
| Operating CF / share | 21.53 | 21.11 | 23.51 | 23.89 | 29.21 | 30.92 | 32.55 | 34.62 | 36.70 |
| Free cash flow / share | 9.71 | 12.37 | 10.80 | 9.93 | 15.66 | 14.76 | 15.62 | 16.05 | 17.52 |
| Dividends / share | 1.28 | 1.37 | 1.48 | 1.68 | 1.94 | 2.05 | 2.25 | 2.23 | 2.43 |
| Payout ratio | +15.33% | +15.07% | +12.45% | +12.53% | +13.23% | +12.96% | +13.29% | +12.30% | +12.61% |
| Retention ratio | +84.67% | +84.93% | +87.55% | +87.47% | +86.77% | +87.04% | +86.71% | +87.70% | +87.39% |
Growth
Year-over-year change for headline P&L lines, plus through-cycle CAGR
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E | 2030E | 8y CAGR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Top-line | ||||||||||
| Revenue · YoY | — | +48.76% | +16.54% | -1.53% | +7.25% | +17.14% | +4.68% | +3.72% | +7.57% | +12.16% |
| Gross profit · YoY | — | +17.24% | +11.21% | +8.97% | +12.08% | +7.49% | +5.41% | +4.11% | +6.62% | +9.07% |
| Profit | ||||||||||
| Operating income · YoY | — | +9.61% | +28.46% | +10.99% | +12.23% | +8.47% | +8.44% | -1.96% | +12.99% | +10.89% |
| EBITDA · YoY | — | +11.40% | +18.87% | +11.23% | +13.28% | +8.27% | +6.33% | +1.05% | +10.74% | +10.04% |
| Net income · YoY | — | +8.59% | +31.46% | +12.38% | +8.87% | +8.36% | +5.70% | +8.08% | +7.30% | +11.09% |
| Operating | ||||||||||
| EBIT · YoY | — | +9.61% | +28.46% | +10.99% | +12.23% | +10.89% | +0.84% | +7.36% | +3.46% | +10.22% |
| R&D · YoY | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Per-share | ||||||||||
| EPS · diluted · YoY | — | +8.59% | +30.88% | +12.76% | +9.01% | +38.31% | +10.59% | +8.93% | +10.11% | +15.67% |
| EPS · basic · YoY | — | +8.29% | +31.18% | +12.68% | +8.96% | +38.01% | +11.02% | +9.90% | +10.04% | +15.79% |
Credit & leverage
Balance-sheet health + interest coverage + liquidity. Coverage ratios use period-end debt and trailing interest expense.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E | 2030E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leverage | |||||||||
| Total debt | $1.36B | $1.69B | $1.67B | $1.64B | $2.96B | $2.47B | $2.7B | $2.68B | $2.99B |
| Net debt | $1.03B | $1.53B | $1.29B | $1.43B | $2.63B | $2.11B | $2.32B | $2.27B | $2.57B |
| Net debt / EBITDA | 1.43 | 1.91 | 1.36 | 1.35 | 2.19 | 1.63 | 1.68 | 1.63 | 1.66 |
| Debt / equity | 0.71 | 0.75 | 0.63 | 0.54 | 0.84 | 0.67 | 0.68 | 0.65 | 0.68 |
| Debt / assets | +30.58% | +30.66% | +28.16% | +25.77% | +35.05% | +30.17% | +31.00% | +29.86% | +30.78% |
| Equity / assets | +43.33% | +40.70% | +44.77% | +47.51% | +41.58% | +44.89% | +45.34% | +45.64% | +45.06% |
| Coverage | |||||||||
| EBITDA / interest expense | 15.35 | 14.05 | 15.97 | 16.25 | 12.36 | 14.54 | 14.30 | 14.31 | 14.97 |
| Operating income / interest | 9.69 | 8.73 | 10.72 | 10.89 | 8.21 | 9.67 | 9.69 | 9.42 | 10.05 |
| Interest expense | $46.85M | $57.02M | $59.64M | $65.18M | $97.05M | $89.37M | $96.64M | $97.54M | $103.26M |
| Liquidity | |||||||||
| Current ratio | 1.18 | 0.80 | 0.99 | 0.87 | 0.92 | — | — | — | — |
| Quick ratio | 0.69 | 0.34 | 0.56 | 0.39 | 0.46 | — | — | — | — |
| Cash ratio | 0.55 | 0.18 | 0.41 | 0.22 | 0.30 | — | — | — | — |
| Working capital | $110.88M | -$179.64M | -$6.17M | -$123.61M | -$88.84M | — | — | — | — |
| Working capital / revenue | +1.27% | -1.39% | -0.04% | -0.83% | -0.56% | — | — | — | — |
Methodology. ROE / ROA / ROC use period-end balance-sheet denominators (no average-of- period smoothing). ROIC = Operating Income × (1 − inferred effective tax rate) over invested capital, with the effective tax inferred from net-to-operating income when both are positive and a 25% default otherwise. Net debt / EBITDA, debt ratios, and interest-coverage ratios are calculated point-in-time at each fiscal year-end. TTM = trailing 4 quarters (income / cash flow summed, balance sheet = most-recent quarterly snapshot). Through-cycle CAGR in the Growth panel uses the geometric mean of first-to-last period growth across the window (positive values only).