Ratios & metrics
Profitability, returns on capital, growth, and credit — all derived from the historical income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow rows in our data warehouse.
Valuation multiples
Price- and EV-based multiples plus shareholder yields. Snapshot at each fiscal year-end from key_metrics (FMP).
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Headline | ||||||||
| Market cap | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Enterprise value | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Multiples | ||||||||
| P / E | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| P / B | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / EBITDA | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / Sales | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / FCF | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Yields | ||||||||
| Earnings yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Free cash flow yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Dividend yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Profitability
Margin structure across the last 5 fiscal years
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Margins | ||||||||
| Gross margin | +101.40% | +84.46% | +50.32% | +44.87% | +58.29% | +52.09% | +51.98% | +52.48% |
| Operating margin | +38.91% | +32.33% | +10.22% | +6.39% | +23.50% | +13.38% | +13.45% | +13.43% |
| EBITDA margin | +45.19% | +37.17% | +14.90% | +11.26% | +23.50% | +16.70% | +16.27% | +16.52% |
| EBIT margin | +38.91% | +32.33% | +10.22% | +6.39% | +23.50% | +13.41% | +13.36% | +13.38% |
| Pre-tax margin | +38.91% | +32.33% | +10.22% | +6.39% | +23.50% | +13.28% | +13.59% | +13.41% |
| Net margin | +31.30% | +25.75% | +9.08% | +5.85% | +19.31% | +11.64% | +11.60% | +11.72% |
| Cost structure | ||||||||
| Cost of revenue / sales | -1.40% | +15.54% | +49.68% | +55.13% | +41.71% | +48.61% | +47.48% | +48.89% |
| R&D intensity | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
| SG&A intensity | +41.55% | +35.33% | +27.97% | +26.35% | +24.28% | +26.69% | +25.59% | +25.54% |
| Effective tax rate | +19.55% | +20.34% | +11.21% | +8.41% | +17.85% | +12.27% | +12.39% | +12.29% |
Returns on capital
ROE / ROA / ROC / ROIC over the relevant capital base, plus the 3-step DuPont decomposition of ROE.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Returns | ||||||||
| Return on equity (ROE) | +8.72% | +9.12% | +4.38% | +2.67% | +9.54% | +5.51% | +5.57% | +5.46% |
| Return on assets (ROA) | +1.00% | +0.93% | +0.45% | +0.29% | +1.05% | +0.59% | +0.58% | +0.59% |
| Return on capital (ROC) | +6.98% | +5.00% | +2.95% | +1.73% | +6.32% | +3.65% | +3.76% | +3.64% |
| Return on invested capital (ROIC) | +5.62% | +3.98% | +2.62% | +1.59% | +5.19% | +3.18% | +3.24% | +3.18% |
| Asset turnover | +3.19% | +3.61% | +4.91% | +4.89% | +5.44% | +5.07% | +5.02% | +5.05% |
| DuPont · ROE decomposition | ||||||||
| Net margin | +31.30% | +25.75% | +9.08% | +5.85% | +19.31% | +11.64% | +11.60% | +11.72% |
| Asset turnover (× revenue / assets) | +3.19% | +3.61% | +4.91% | +4.89% | +5.44% | +5.07% | +5.02% | +5.05% |
| Equity multiplier (× assets / equity) | +872.19% | +981.34% | +982.66% | +934.15% | +908.53% | +934.30% | +956.19% | +922.83% |
Activity & efficiency
Turnover ratios and days-outstanding — how efficiently the business converts assets and working capital into sales and cash.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turnover | ||||||||
| Asset turnover | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
| Fixed-asset turnover | 2.91 | 3.77 | 5.40 | 5.55 | 6.44 | — | — | — |
| Inventory turnover | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Receivables turnover | 13.93 | 9.84 | 11.89 | 12.55 | 15.26 | — | — | — |
| Payables turnover | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Days outstanding | ||||||||
| Days sales outstanding (DSO) | 26.21 | 37.09 | 30.70 | 29.09 | 23.91 | — | — | — |
| Days inventory outstanding (DIO) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Days payables outstanding (DPO) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Cash conversion cycle | 26.21 | 37.09 | 30.70 | 29.09 | 23.91 | — | — | — |
Cash flow quality
How well reported earnings translate into operating and free cash flow, plus reinvestment intensity.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Operating CF / Net income | 1.51 | 2.31 | 2.42 | 4.71 | 1.31 | 2.14 | 2.21 | 2.07 |
| FCF / Net income | 1.36 | 2.14 | 2.08 | 4.35 | 1.23 | 1.92 | 1.99 | 1.97 |
| FCF margin | +42.56% | +55.14% | +18.90% | +25.43% | +23.78% | +22.37% | +23.03% | +23.07% |
| OCF margin | +47.22% | +59.55% | +21.96% | +27.57% | +25.26% | +24.86% | +25.67% | +24.26% |
| CapEx / Revenue | +4.66% | +4.41% | +3.07% | +2.14% | +1.48% | +2.21% | +2.29% | +2.29% |
| CapEx / D&A | 0.74 | 0.91 | 0.66 | 0.44 | — | — | — | — |
| Stock-based comp / Revenue | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | — | — | — |
Per-share & shareholder yield
EPS, book value, sales, cash flow and dividends per share — plus payout / retention.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EPS · diluted | 2.18 | 2.34 | 1.13 | 0.72 | 2.77 | 2.95 | 3.25 | 3.63 |
| EPS · basic | 2.20 | 2.36 | 1.14 | 0.73 | 2.81 | 3.03 | 3.27 | 3.65 |
| Book value / share | 26.48 | 26.68 | 27.67 | 30.03 | 29.86 | 22.26 | 23.51 | 26.13 |
| Tangible BV / share | 18.47 | 18.50 | 19.52 | 22.05 | 23.09 | 22.26 | 23.51 | 26.13 |
| Sales / share | 7.38 | 9.45 | 13.36 | 13.73 | 14.76 | 10.54 | 11.29 | 12.17 |
| Operating CF / share | 3.48 | 5.63 | 2.93 | 3.78 | 3.73 | 2.62 | 2.90 | 2.95 |
| Free cash flow / share | 3.14 | 5.21 | 2.53 | 3.49 | 3.51 | 2.36 | 2.60 | 2.81 |
| Dividends / share | 0.76 | 0.82 | 0.86 | 0.91 | 0.93 | 0.70 | 0.74 | 0.79 |
| Payout ratio | +33.07% | +33.63% | +70.80% | +113.04% | +32.81% | +57.02% | +56.51% | +55.05% |
| Retention ratio | +66.93% | +66.37% | +29.20% | -13.04% | +67.19% | +42.98% | +43.49% | +44.95% |
Growth
Year-over-year change for headline P&L lines, plus through-cycle CAGR
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 7y CAGR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Top-line | |||||||||
| Revenue · YoY | — | +26.78% | +41.79% | +4.42% | +16.83% | -29.21% | +8.85% | +6.48% | +8.75% |
| Gross profit · YoY | — | +5.60% | -15.53% | -6.90% | +51.80% | -36.74% | +8.61% | +7.50% | -1.01% |
| Profit | |||||||||
| Operating income · YoY | — | +5.35% | -55.17% | -34.75% | +329.80% | -59.68% | +9.39% | +6.32% | -6.58% |
| EBITDA · YoY | — | +4.29% | -43.17% | -21.10% | +143.87% | -49.69% | +6.05% | +8.13% | -5.81% |
| Net income · YoY | — | +4.31% | -50.03% | -32.69% | +285.54% | -57.34% | +8.53% | +7.58% | -5.48% |
| Operating | |||||||||
| EBIT · YoY | — | +5.35% | -55.17% | -34.75% | +329.80% | -59.60% | +8.48% | +6.61% | -6.63% |
| R&D · YoY | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Per-share | |||||||||
| EPS · diluted · YoY | — | +7.34% | -51.71% | -36.28% | +284.72% | +6.50% | +10.12% | +11.74% | +7.56% |
| EPS · basic · YoY | — | +7.27% | -51.69% | -35.96% | +284.93% | +7.85% | +8.06% | +11.32% | +7.48% |
Credit & leverage
Balance-sheet health + interest coverage + liquidity. Coverage ratios use period-end debt and trailing interest expense.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leverage | ||||||||
| Total debt | $2.22B | $5.17B | $2.81B | $3.16B | $4.17B | $2.7B | $2.83B | $3.1B |
| Net debt | $1.2B | $4.58B | $1.9B | $2.16B | $3.6B | $2.03B | $2.09B | $2.32B |
| Net debt / EBITDA | 2.37 | 8.67 | 6.32 | 9.13 | 6.22 | 6.98 | 6.79 | 6.96 |
| Debt / equity | 0.55 | 1.29 | 0.67 | 0.69 | 0.84 | 0.73 | 0.72 | 0.72 |
| Debt / assets | +6.34% | +13.13% | +6.85% | +7.35% | +9.23% | +7.85% | +7.50% | +7.76% |
| Equity / assets | +11.47% | +10.19% | +10.18% | +10.70% | +11.01% | +10.70% | +10.46% | +10.84% |
| Coverage | ||||||||
| EBITDA / interest expense | 7.01 | 2.81 | 0.33 | 0.22 | 0.59 | 0.37 | 0.36 | 0.36 |
| Operating income / interest | 6.03 | 2.45 | 0.22 | 0.13 | 0.59 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.29 |
| Interest expense | $72.33M | $187.93M | $918.48M | $1.08B | $971.61M | $785.39M | $863.38M | $931.86M |
| Liquidity | ||||||||
| Current ratio | 0.19 | 0.10 | 0.13 | 0.16 | 0.30 | — | — | — |
| Quick ratio | 0.19 | 0.10 | 0.13 | 0.16 | 0.30 | — | — | — |
| Cash ratio | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | — | — | — |
| Working capital | -$23.73B | -$30.43B | -$30.39B | -$30.63B | -$14.26B | — | — | — |
| Working capital / revenue | -2116.26% | -2140.29% | -1507.36% | -1455.08% | -580.03% | — | — | — |
Methodology. ROE / ROA / ROC use period-end balance-sheet denominators (no average-of- period smoothing). ROIC = Operating Income × (1 − inferred effective tax rate) over invested capital, with the effective tax inferred from net-to-operating income when both are positive and a 25% default otherwise. Net debt / EBITDA, debt ratios, and interest-coverage ratios are calculated point-in-time at each fiscal year-end. TTM = trailing 4 quarters (income / cash flow summed, balance sheet = most-recent quarterly snapshot). Through-cycle CAGR in the Growth panel uses the geometric mean of first-to-last period growth across the window (positive values only).