Ratios & metrics
Profitability, returns on capital, growth, and credit — all derived from the historical income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow rows in our data warehouse.
Valuation multiples
Price- and EV-based multiples plus shareholder yields. Snapshot at each fiscal year-end from key_metrics (FMP).
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Headline | ||||||||
| Market cap | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Enterprise value | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Multiples | ||||||||
| P / E | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| P / B | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / EBITDA | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / Sales | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / FCF | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Yields | ||||||||
| Earnings yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Free cash flow yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Dividend yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Profitability
Margin structure across the last 5 fiscal years
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Margins | ||||||||
| Gross margin | +17.48% | +18.33% | +19.23% | +20.05% | +22.45% | +20.39% | +20.59% | +20.66% |
| Operating margin | +5.27% | +15.56% | +7.92% | +7.69% | +11.80% | +9.12% | +9.24% | +9.39% |
| EBITDA margin | +12.34% | +22.35% | +16.62% | +15.41% | +19.53% | +17.42% | +16.96% | +17.61% |
| EBIT margin | +5.25% | +15.48% | +9.71% | +7.82% | +11.80% | +9.96% | +9.74% | +9.93% |
| Pre-tax margin | +4.11% | +14.10% | +8.49% | +5.06% | +8.37% | +7.13% | +7.33% | +7.39% |
| Net margin | +3.42% | +10.96% | +6.90% | +3.65% | +7.23% | +5.90% | +5.85% | +5.78% |
| Cost structure | ||||||||
| Cost of revenue / sales | +82.52% | +81.67% | +80.77% | +79.95% | +77.55% | +77.60% | +81.10% | +79.50% |
| R&D intensity | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
| SG&A intensity | +12.57% | +11.72% | +11.31% | +12.45% | +10.65% | +11.60% | +11.29% | +11.74% |
| Effective tax rate | +16.75% | +22.26% | +18.73% | +27.92% | +13.63% | +20.21% | +19.64% | +19.95% |
Returns on capital
ROE / ROA / ROC / ROIC over the relevant capital base, plus the 3-step DuPont decomposition of ROE.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Returns | ||||||||
| Return on equity (ROE) | +3.56% | +11.25% | +6.83% | +3.86% | +7.95% | +6.18% | +6.12% | +5.85% |
| Return on assets (ROA) | +2.18% | +7.36% | +4.45% | +1.91% | +4.28% | +3.47% | +3.49% | +3.31% |
| Return on capital (ROC) | +4.03% | +12.59% | +6.22% | +4.73% | +8.20% | +6.29% | +6.35% | +6.35% |
| Return on invested capital (ROIC) | +2.62% | +8.87% | +5.42% | +2.24% | +5.03% | +4.07% | +4.02% | +3.91% |
| Asset turnover | +63.88% | +67.14% | +64.50% | +52.28% | +59.19% | +58.85% | +59.58% | +57.22% |
| DuPont · ROE decomposition | ||||||||
| Net margin | +3.42% | +10.96% | +6.90% | +3.65% | +7.23% | +5.90% | +5.85% | +5.78% |
| Asset turnover (× revenue / assets) | +63.88% | +67.14% | +64.50% | +52.28% | +59.19% | +58.85% | +59.58% | +57.22% |
| Equity multiplier (× assets / equity) | +163.22% | +152.93% | +153.43% | +202.43% | +185.75% | +177.81% | +175.55% | +176.83% |
Activity & efficiency
Turnover ratios and days-outstanding — how efficiently the business converts assets and working capital into sales and cash.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turnover | ||||||||
| Asset turnover | 0.64 | 0.67 | 0.65 | 0.52 | 0.59 | 0.59 | 0.60 | 0.57 |
| Fixed-asset turnover | 1.67 | 1.87 | 1.68 | 1.21 | 1.37 | — | — | — |
| Inventory turnover | 5.18 | 5.80 | 4.64 | 5.71 | 5.27 | — | — | — |
| Receivables turnover | 6.55 | 6.71 | 6.46 | 7.34 | 6.90 | — | — | — |
| Payables turnover | 9.10 | 9.61 | 6.84 | 8.66 | 8.62 | — | — | — |
| Days outstanding | ||||||||
| Days sales outstanding (DSO) | 55.71 | 54.39 | 56.48 | 49.74 | 52.88 | — | — | — |
| Days inventory outstanding (DIO) | 70.48 | 62.93 | 78.67 | 63.93 | 69.24 | — | — | — |
| Days payables outstanding (DPO) | 40.12 | 38.00 | 53.36 | 42.15 | 42.32 | — | — | — |
| Cash conversion cycle | 86.07 | 79.32 | 81.79 | 71.52 | 79.79 | — | — | — |
Cash flow quality
How well reported earnings translate into operating and free cash flow, plus reinvestment intensity.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Operating CF / Net income | 2.39 | 0.71 | 1.64 | 5.36 | 1.63 | 2.44 | 2.50 | 2.41 |
| FCF / Net income | 1.17 | 0.15 | 0.36 | 3.33 | 0.84 | 1.14 | 1.17 | 1.16 |
| FCF margin | +4.00% | +1.62% | +2.49% | +12.15% | +6.09% | +6.73% | +6.83% | +6.74% |
| OCF margin | +8.18% | +7.77% | +11.31% | +19.53% | +11.80% | +14.42% | +14.62% | +13.93% |
| CapEx / Revenue | +4.18% | +6.15% | +8.82% | +7.38% | +5.74% | +7.35% | +7.36% | +7.43% |
| CapEx / D&A | 0.62 | 0.90 | 1.28 | 0.97 | 0.74 | — | — | — |
| Stock-based comp / Revenue | +0.88% | +0.85% | +1.04% | +0.95% | +0.92% | — | — | — |
Per-share & shareholder yield
EPS, book value, sales, cash flow and dividends per share — plus payout / retention.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EPS · diluted | 1.42 | 5.05 | 3.26 | 1.91 | 4.24 | 4.28 | 5.02 | 7.17 |
| EPS · basic | 1.44 | 5.08 | 3.27 | 1.92 | 4.25 | 4.33 | 5.06 | 7.28 |
| Book value / share | 40.19 | 45.04 | 47.89 | 49.76 | 53.52 | 51.88 | 56.14 | 76.34 |
| Tangible BV / share | 16.42 | 20.00 | 21.98 | 14.93 | 19.65 | 51.88 | 56.14 | 76.34 |
| Sales / share | 41.90 | 46.24 | 47.39 | 52.66 | 58.84 | 54.29 | 58.71 | 77.25 |
| Operating CF / share | 3.43 | 3.59 | 5.36 | 10.29 | 6.94 | 7.83 | 8.59 | 10.76 |
| Free cash flow / share | 1.67 | 0.75 | 1.18 | 6.40 | 3.58 | 3.65 | 4.01 | 5.20 |
| Dividends / share | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.29 |
| Payout ratio | +14.08% | +3.99% | +6.16% | +10.35% | +4.80% | +6.65% | +6.41% | +6.54% |
| Retention ratio | +85.92% | +96.01% | +93.84% | +89.65% | +95.20% | +93.35% | +93.59% | +93.46% |
Growth
Year-over-year change for headline P&L lines, plus through-cycle CAGR
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 7y CAGR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Top-line | |||||||||
| Revenue · YoY | — | +10.14% | +2.90% | +11.35% | +12.20% | -8.63% | +8.24% | +31.47% | +9.11% |
| Gross profit · YoY | — | +15.51% | +7.95% | +16.09% | +25.62% | -17.00% | +9.30% | +31.97% | +11.75% |
| Profit | |||||||||
| Operating income · YoY | — | +225.26% | -47.65% | +8.16% | +72.12% | -29.37% | +9.71% | +33.65% | +18.51% |
| EBITDA · YoY | — | +99.48% | -23.50% | +3.23% | +42.23% | -18.48% | +5.38% | +36.50% | +14.80% |
| Net income · YoY | — | +253.16% | -35.23% | -41.14% | +122.41% | -25.37% | +7.32% | +29.93% | +17.63% |
| Operating | |||||||||
| EBIT · YoY | — | +224.49% | -35.48% | -10.31% | +69.29% | -22.87% | +5.87% | +34.03% | +19.49% |
| R&D · YoY | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Per-share | |||||||||
| EPS · diluted · YoY | — | +255.63% | -35.45% | -41.41% | +121.99% | +0.90% | +17.37% | +42.78% | +26.03% |
| EPS · basic · YoY | — | +252.78% | -35.63% | -41.28% | +121.35% | +1.88% | +16.75% | +43.99% | +26.05% |
Credit & leverage
Balance-sheet health + interest coverage + liquidity. Coverage ratios use period-end debt and trailing interest expense.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leverage | ||||||||
| Total debt | $707.3M | $587.2M | $606.8M | $1.75B | $1.52B | $1.3B | $1.43B | $1.84B |
| Net debt | $634.4M | $426.8M | $502M | $1.56B | $1.31B | $1.13B | $1.24B | $1.6B |
| Net debt / EBITDA | 2.52 | 0.85 | 1.31 | 3.95 | 2.32 | 2.47 | 2.57 | 2.42 |
| Debt / equity | 0.36 | 0.27 | 0.26 | 0.72 | 0.58 | 0.52 | 0.52 | 0.50 |
| Debt / assets | +22.19% | +17.58% | +16.96% | +35.65% | +31.26% | +29.09% | +29.78% | +28.11% |
| Equity / assets | +61.27% | +65.39% | +65.18% | +49.40% | +53.84% | +56.24% | +56.97% | +56.55% |
| Coverage | ||||||||
| EBITDA / interest expense | 10.74 | 16.17 | 13.65 | 5.58 | 5.18 | 6.72 | 6.73 | 7.02 |
| Operating income / interest | 4.59 | 11.26 | 6.50 | 2.79 | 3.13 | 3.52 | 3.67 | 3.75 |
| Interest expense | $23.4M | $31M | $28.1M | $70.9M | $108.8M | $68.32M | $71.9M | $94.02M |
| Liquidity | ||||||||
| Current ratio | 2.11 | 2.33 | 2.12 | 1.85 | 2.20 | — | — | — |
| Quick ratio | 1.05 | 1.35 | 1.07 | 1.04 | 1.26 | — | — | — |
| Cash ratio | 0.20 | 0.44 | 0.24 | 0.36 | 0.43 | — | — | — |
| Working capital | $403.9M | $489.1M | $480.8M | $438M | $602.9M | — | — | — |
| Working capital / revenue | +19.83% | +21.81% | +20.83% | +17.04% | +20.91% | — | — | — |
Methodology. ROE / ROA / ROC use period-end balance-sheet denominators (no average-of- period smoothing). ROIC = Operating Income × (1 − inferred effective tax rate) over invested capital, with the effective tax inferred from net-to-operating income when both are positive and a 25% default otherwise. Net debt / EBITDA, debt ratios, and interest-coverage ratios are calculated point-in-time at each fiscal year-end. TTM = trailing 4 quarters (income / cash flow summed, balance sheet = most-recent quarterly snapshot). Through-cycle CAGR in the Growth panel uses the geometric mean of first-to-last period growth across the window (positive values only).