Ratios & metrics
Profitability, returns on capital, growth, and credit — all derived from the historical income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow rows in our data warehouse.
Valuation multiples
Price- and EV-based multiples plus shareholder yields. Snapshot at each fiscal year-end from key_metrics (FMP).
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Headline | ||||||||
| Market cap | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Enterprise value | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Multiples | ||||||||
| P / E | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| P / B | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / EBITDA | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / Sales | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / FCF | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Yields | ||||||||
| Earnings yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Free cash flow yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Dividend yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Profitability
Margin structure across the last 5 fiscal years
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Margins | ||||||||
| Gross margin | +15.58% | +13.44% | +13.95% | +13.34% | +11.69% | +13.28% | +13.35% | +12.76% |
| Operating margin | +3.31% | +4.47% | +5.06% | +2.54% | +3.72% | +3.84% | +3.84% | +3.83% |
| EBITDA margin | +4.75% | +5.91% | +5.69% | +4.96% | +4.83% | +5.08% | +5.21% | +5.02% |
| EBIT margin | +3.31% | +4.47% | +4.20% | +3.68% | +3.62% | +3.86% | +3.88% | +3.82% |
| Pre-tax margin | +2.89% | +3.97% | +4.09% | +1.60% | +2.51% | +2.74% | +2.73% | +2.74% |
| Net margin | +2.03% | +2.95% | +3.10% | +0.97% | +1.86% | +1.96% | +1.98% | +1.95% |
| Cost structure | ||||||||
| Cost of revenue / sales | +84.42% | +86.56% | +86.05% | +86.66% | +88.31% | +86.14% | +84.80% | +84.90% |
| R&D intensity | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
| SG&A intensity | +11.55% | +8.05% | +8.81% | +8.99% | +7.97% | +8.75% | +8.49% | +8.72% |
| Effective tax rate | +29.76% | +25.68% | +24.08% | +39.07% | +26.19% | +30.33% | +28.96% | +30.43% |
Returns on capital
ROE / ROA / ROC / ROIC over the relevant capital base, plus the 3-step DuPont decomposition of ROE.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Returns | ||||||||
| Return on equity (ROE) | +7.85% | +13.42% | +13.96% | +4.57% | +9.09% | +9.25% | +9.19% | +9.12% |
| Return on assets (ROA) | +2.85% | +4.73% | +5.09% | +1.60% | +2.97% | +3.26% | +3.25% | +3.15% |
| Return on capital (ROC) | +7.81% | +11.18% | +12.63% | +6.55% | +9.35% | +9.77% | +9.80% | +9.65% |
| Return on invested capital (ROIC) | +4.78% | +7.38% | +7.75% | +2.52% | +4.67% | +4.98% | +5.04% | +4.90% |
| Asset turnover | +140.40% | +160.34% | +164.10% | +164.00% | +160.16% | +166.62% | +164.62% | +162.14% |
| DuPont · ROE decomposition | ||||||||
| Net margin | +2.03% | +2.95% | +3.10% | +0.97% | +1.86% | +1.96% | +1.98% | +1.95% |
| Asset turnover (× revenue / assets) | +140.40% | +160.34% | +164.10% | +164.00% | +160.16% | +166.62% | +164.62% | +162.14% |
| Equity multiplier (× assets / equity) | +275.66% | +283.54% | +274.11% | +286.07% | +305.81% | +283.31% | +282.29% | +289.02% |
Activity & efficiency
Turnover ratios and days-outstanding — how efficiently the business converts assets and working capital into sales and cash.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turnover | ||||||||
| Asset turnover | 1.40 | 1.60 | 1.64 | 1.64 | 1.60 | 1.67 | 1.65 | 1.62 |
| Fixed-asset turnover | 26.13 | 32.45 | 33.06 | 33.19 | 32.12 | — | — | — |
| Inventory turnover | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Receivables turnover | 5.24 | 5.76 | 5.38 | 5.41 | 5.25 | — | — | — |
| Payables turnover | 18.17 | 21.42 | 23.29 | 22.34 | 19.25 | — | — | — |
| Days outstanding | ||||||||
| Days sales outstanding (DSO) | 69.71 | 63.33 | 67.81 | 67.51 | 69.48 | — | — | — |
| Days inventory outstanding (DIO) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Days payables outstanding (DPO) | 20.09 | 17.04 | 15.67 | 16.34 | 18.96 | — | — | — |
| Cash conversion cycle | 49.62 | 46.29 | 52.14 | 51.17 | 50.52 | — | — | — |
Cash flow quality
How well reported earnings translate into operating and free cash flow, plus reinvestment intensity.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Operating CF / Net income | 2.49 | 0.09 | 0.97 | 2.79 | 1.44 | 1.44 | 1.39 | 1.41 |
| FCF / Net income | 2.22 | -0.13 | 0.76 | 2.06 | 0.96 | 1.05 | 1.00 | 1.03 |
| FCF margin | +4.50% | -0.39% | +2.36% | +2.00% | +1.77% | +2.06% | +1.99% | +2.00% |
| OCF margin | +5.05% | +0.26% | +3.01% | +2.71% | +2.68% | +2.81% | +2.74% | +2.74% |
| CapEx / Revenue | +0.55% | +0.65% | +0.65% | +0.71% | +0.91% | +0.74% | +0.78% | +0.76% |
| CapEx / D&A | 0.38 | 0.45 | 0.44 | 0.56 | — | — | — | — |
| Stock-based comp / Revenue | +0.54% | +0.39% | +0.38% | +0.36% | -0.08% | — | — | — |
Per-share & shareholder yield
EPS, book value, sales, cash flow and dividends per share — plus payout / retention.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EPS · diluted | 1.86 | 3.41 | 3.79 | 1.28 | 2.59 | 3.96 | 4.34 | 4.61 |
| EPS · basic | 1.87 | 3.43 | 3.81 | 1.29 | 2.61 | 3.99 | 4.35 | 4.58 |
| Book value / share | 23.67 | 25.44 | 27.15 | 28.02 | 28.48 | 31.14 | 32.65 | 33.41 |
| Tangible BV / share | -15.36 | -16.99 | -15.00 | -16.93 | -16.73 | 31.14 | 32.65 | 33.41 |
| Sales / share | 91.60 | 115.65 | 122.12 | 131.44 | 139.49 | 147.01 | 151.73 | 156.56 |
| Operating CF / share | 4.62 | 0.30 | 3.67 | 3.56 | 3.74 | 4.14 | 4.16 | 4.30 |
| Free cash flow / share | 4.12 | -0.45 | 2.88 | 2.63 | 2.47 | 3.03 | 3.01 | 3.14 |
| Dividends / share | 0.75 | 0.77 | 0.87 | 0.89 | 1.05 | 1.05 | 1.07 | 1.09 |
| Payout ratio | +40.38% | +22.53% | +22.88% | +69.41% | +40.39% | +36.54% | +35.66% | +35.80% |
| Retention ratio | +59.62% | +77.47% | +77.12% | +30.59% | +59.61% | +63.46% | +64.34% | +64.20% |
Growth
Year-over-year change for headline P&L lines, plus through-cycle CAGR
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 7y CAGR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Top-line | |||||||||
| Revenue · YoY | — | +25.33% | +3.71% | +3.25% | +4.62% | +4.94% | +3.55% | +3.10% | +6.69% |
| Gross profit · YoY | — | +8.11% | +7.65% | -1.27% | -8.30% | +19.20% | +4.07% | -1.43% | +3.69% |
| Profit | |||||||||
| Operating income · YoY | — | +69.07% | +17.40% | -48.23% | +53.40% | +8.35% | +3.65% | +2.75% | +8.92% |
| EBITDA · YoY | — | +55.72% | -0.11% | -10.03% | +1.83% | +10.53% | +6.19% | -0.75% | +7.51% |
| Net income · YoY | — | +82.42% | +9.07% | -67.61% | +99.51% | +10.69% | +4.51% | +1.46% | +6.06% |
| Operating | |||||||||
| EBIT · YoY | — | +69.11% | -2.52% | -9.44% | +2.79% | +12.06% | +4.07% | +1.51% | +8.90% |
| R&D · YoY | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Per-share | |||||||||
| EPS · diluted · YoY | — | +83.33% | +11.14% | -66.23% | +102.34% | +52.86% | +9.50% | +6.34% | +13.85% |
| EPS · basic · YoY | — | +83.42% | +11.08% | -66.14% | +102.33% | +52.81% | +9.17% | +5.12% | +13.64% |
Credit & leverage
Balance-sheet health + interest coverage + liquidity. Coverage ratios use period-end debt and trailing interest expense.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leverage | ||||||||
| Total debt | $1.03B | $1.4B | $1.44B | $1.45B | $1.69B | $1.66B | $1.68B | $1.8B |
| Net debt | $969.8M | $1.33B | $1.37B | $1.39B | $1.59B | $1.58B | $1.59B | $1.71B |
| Net debt / EBITDA | 3.28 | 2.88 | 2.98 | 3.35 | 3.77 | 3.38 | 3.21 | 3.47 |
| Debt / equity | 0.64 | 0.82 | 0.80 | 0.82 | 0.95 | 0.86 | 0.82 | 0.86 |
| Debt / assets | +23.28% | +28.81% | +29.24% | +28.49% | +31.01% | +30.21% | +29.11% | +29.76% |
| Equity / assets | +36.28% | +35.27% | +36.48% | +34.96% | +32.70% | +35.30% | +35.42% | +34.60% |
| Coverage | ||||||||
| EBITDA / interest expense | 10.35 | 11.22 | 5.60 | 4.88 | 4.38 | 4.77 | 5.11 | 4.80 |
| Operating income / interest | 7.21 | 8.49 | 4.98 | 2.49 | 3.37 | 3.60 | 3.77 | 3.66 |
| Interest expense | $28.6M | $41.1M | $82.3M | $85M | $96.4M | $97.81M | $96.99M | $102.5M |
| Liquidity | ||||||||
| Current ratio | 1.09 | 1.15 | 1.40 | 1.33 | 1.48 | — | — | — |
| Quick ratio | 0.97 | 1.05 | 1.29 | 1.19 | 1.35 | — | — | — |
| Cash ratio | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.08 | — | — | — |
| Working capital | $115.4M | $208M | $492.8M | $440.3M | $633M | — | — | — |
| Working capital / revenue | +1.85% | +2.66% | +6.09% | +5.27% | +7.24% | — | — | — |
Methodology. ROE / ROA / ROC use period-end balance-sheet denominators (no average-of- period smoothing). ROIC = Operating Income × (1 − inferred effective tax rate) over invested capital, with the effective tax inferred from net-to-operating income when both are positive and a 25% default otherwise. Net debt / EBITDA, debt ratios, and interest-coverage ratios are calculated point-in-time at each fiscal year-end. TTM = trailing 4 quarters (income / cash flow summed, balance sheet = most-recent quarterly snapshot). Through-cycle CAGR in the Growth panel uses the geometric mean of first-to-last period growth across the window (positive values only).