Explain this page
Arphra AIPlain-English read on NRG Energy, Inc.’s valuationRatios & metrics
Profitability, returns on capital, growth, and credit — all derived from the historical income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow rows in our data warehouse.
Quality composite
BSolid
A snapshot of the latest fiscal year’s margins, returns on capital, balance-sheet strength and efficiency, computed from the income statement, balance sheet and cash-flow rows. Source income / balance / cash_flow.
Profitability
Gross margin21.8%
Operating margin6.0%
Net margin2.8%
ROE51.4%
ROA3.0%
ROIC10.8%
Liquidity & leverage
Current ratio1.64×
Quick ratio1.58×
Debt / equity9.97×
Net debt / EBITDA3.16×
Interest coverage2×
Efficiency & per-share
Asset turnover1.05×
Inventory days7
Days sales out.48
FCF / share$3.85
Book value / share$8.45
Valuation multiples
Price- and EV-based multiples plus shareholder yields. Snapshot at each fiscal year-end from key_metrics (FMP).
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Headline | |||||||||
| Market cap | — | — | — | $18.59B | $31.05B | — | — | — | — |
| Enterprise value | — | — | — | $28.61B | $43.08B | — | — | — | — |
| Multiples | |||||||||
| P / E | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| P / B | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / EBITDA | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / Sales | — | — | — | 1.02 | 1.40 | — | — | — | — |
| EV / FCF | — | — | — | 15.60 | 56.24 | — | — | — | — |
| Yields | |||||||||
| Earnings yield | — | — | — | +6.05% | +2.78% | — | — | — | — |
| Free cash flow yield | — | — | — | +9.87% | +2.47% | — | — | — | — |
| Dividend yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Profitability
Margin structure across the last 5 fiscal years
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Margins | |||||||||
| Gross margin | +24.11% | +13.00% | +7.97% | +21.44% | +21.85% | +17.19% | +16.93% | +16.96% | +17.13% |
| Operating margin | +12.38% | +6.40% | +1.33% | +8.62% | +6.02% | +5.17% | +5.22% | +5.32% | +5.41% |
| EBITDA margin | +15.49% | +8.88% | +6.07% | +12.45% | +12.39% | +10.49% | +10.21% | +10.38% | +10.12% |
| EBIT margin | +12.39% | +6.59% | +1.58% | +7.46% | +6.02% | +5.01% | +5.07% | +5.02% | +4.91% |
| Pre-tax margin | +10.59% | +5.27% | -0.74% | +5.15% | +3.51% | +2.65% | +2.56% | +2.72% | +2.63% |
| Net margin | +8.10% | +3.87% | -0.70% | +4.00% | +2.81% | +1.99% | +2.01% | +2.03% | +2.02% |
| Cost structure | |||||||||
| Cost of revenue / sales | +75.89% | +87.00% | +92.03% | +78.56% | +78.15% | +81.45% | +82.48% | +84.60% | +83.12% |
| R&D intensity | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
| SG&A intensity | +4.79% | +3.63% | +6.39% | +8.34% | +15.76% | +10.01% | +10.09% | +9.89% | +10.22% |
| Effective tax rate | +23.50% | +26.58% | — | +22.31% | +19.85% | +21.52% | +21.39% | +20.58% | +21.19% |
Returns on capital
ROE / ROA / ROC / ROIC over the relevant capital base, plus the 3-step DuPont decomposition of ROE.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Returns | |||||||||
| Return on equity (ROE) | +60.75% | +31.90% | -6.95% | +45.40% | +51.40% | +23.88% | +24.27% | +25.16% | +25.03% |
| Return on assets (ROA) | +9.43% | +4.19% | -0.78% | +4.68% | +2.96% | +2.18% | +2.24% | +2.29% | +2.31% |
| Return on capital (ROC) | +28.11% | +16.64% | +2.77% | +18.00% | +10.03% | +10.04% | +10.15% | +10.33% | +10.39% |
| Return on invested capital (ROIC) | +18.40% | +10.07% | +2.08% | +8.35% | +4.68% | +3.87% | +3.90% | +3.94% | +3.88% |
| Asset turnover | +116.42% | +108.22% | +110.70% | +117.10% | +105.39% | +109.63% | +111.69% | +112.76% | +114.18% |
| DuPont · ROE decomposition | |||||||||
| Net margin | +8.10% | +3.87% | -0.70% | +4.00% | +2.81% | +1.99% | +2.01% | +2.03% | +2.02% |
| Asset turnover (× revenue / assets) | +116.42% | +108.22% | +110.70% | +117.10% | +105.39% | +109.63% | +111.69% | +112.76% | +114.18% |
| Equity multiplier (× assets / equity) | +643.94% | +761.39% | +896.01% | +969.41% | +1733.49% | +1093.04% | +1081.43% | +1096.91% | +1085.03% |
Activity & efficiency
Turnover ratios and days-outstanding — how efficiently the business converts assets and working capital into sales and cash.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turnover | |||||||||
| Asset turnover | 1.16 | 1.08 | 1.11 | 1.17 | 1.05 | 1.10 | 1.12 | 1.13 | 1.14 |
| Fixed-asset turnover | 13.78 | 16.45 | 14.84 | 12.95 | 8.16 | — | — | — | — |
| Inventory turnover | 41.13 | 36.54 | 43.70 | 46.23 | 52.06 | — | — | — | — |
| Receivables turnover | 6.86 | 6.61 | 8.14 | 8.06 | 7.55 | — | — | — | — |
| Payables turnover | 9.01 | 7.53 | 11.41 | 8.79 | 8.47 | — | — | — | — |
| Days outstanding | |||||||||
| Days sales outstanding (DSO) | 53.20 | 55.23 | 44.85 | 45.26 | 48.31 | — | — | — | — |
| Days inventory outstanding (DIO) | 8.87 | 9.99 | 8.35 | 7.89 | 7.01 | — | — | — | — |
| Days payables outstanding (DPO) | 40.52 | 48.45 | 31.99 | 41.50 | 43.10 | — | — | — | — |
| Cash conversion cycle | 21.55 | 16.77 | 21.21 | 11.65 | 12.22 | — | — | — | — |
Cash flow quality
How well reported earnings translate into operating and free cash flow, plus reinvestment intensity.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Operating CF / Net income | 0.23 | 0.29 | 1.09 | 2.05 | 2.21 | 2.29 | 2.28 | 2.19 | 2.23 |
| FCF / Net income | 0.10 | -0.01 | 4.05 | 1.63 | 0.89 | 1.03 | 1.04 | 1.01 | 1.03 |
| FCF margin | +0.83% | -0.02% | -2.84% | +6.52% | +2.49% | +2.06% | +2.09% | +2.06% | +2.08% |
| OCF margin | +1.83% | +1.14% | -0.77% | +8.20% | +6.23% | +4.56% | +4.58% | +4.46% | +4.51% |
| CapEx / Revenue | +1.00% | +1.16% | +2.07% | +1.68% | +3.73% | +2.54% | +2.44% | +2.51% | +2.52% |
| CapEx / D&A | 0.32 | 0.53 | 0.51 | 0.44 | 0.82 | — | — | — | — |
| Stock-based comp / Revenue | +0.08% | +0.09% | +0.35% | +0.36% | +0.44% | — | — | — | — |
Per-share & shareholder yield
EPS, book value, sales, cash flow and dividends per share — plus payout / retention.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EPS · diluted | 8.93 | 5.17 | -1.12 | 4.99 | 4.01 | 9.36 | 11.42 | 13.11 | 14.85 |
| EPS · basic | 8.93 | 5.17 | -1.12 | 5.14 | 4.09 | 9.54 | 11.56 | 13.31 | 15.00 |
| Book value / share | 14.69 | 16.22 | 12.75 | 11.69 | 8.45 | 14.56 | 15.08 | 15.34 | 15.41 |
| Tangible BV / share | -2.88 | 0.19 | -26.75 | -25.67 | -28.37 | 14.56 | 15.08 | 15.34 | 15.41 |
| Sales / share | 110.16 | 133.66 | 126.42 | 132.69 | 154.32 | 174.45 | 182.08 | 189.75 | 190.85 |
| Operating CF / share | 2.01 | 1.53 | -0.97 | 10.88 | 9.61 | 7.96 | 8.34 | 8.45 | 8.61 |
| Free cash flow / share | 0.91 | -0.03 | -3.59 | 8.65 | 3.85 | 3.59 | 3.81 | 3.90 | 3.97 |
| Dividends / share | 1.30 | 1.41 | 1.67 | 1.91 | 2.07 | 2.41 | 2.54 | 2.56 | 2.61 |
| Payout ratio | +14.59% | +27.19% | -188.61% | +36.00% | +47.57% | +69.38% | +69.42% | +66.32% | +67.75% |
| Retention ratio | +85.41% | +72.81% | +288.61% | +64.00% | +52.43% | +30.62% | +30.58% | +33.68% | +32.25% |
Growth
Year-over-year change for headline P&L lines, plus through-cycle CAGR
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E | 8y CAGR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Top-line | ||||||||||
| Revenue · YoY | — | +16.87% | -8.62% | -2.40% | +9.17% | +12.79% | +3.63% | +4.95% | +0.66% | +4.34% |
| Gross profit · YoY | — | -36.99% | -43.98% | +162.52% | +11.28% | -11.25% | +2.09% | +5.11% | +1.64% | -0.02% |
| Profit | ||||||||||
| Operating income · YoY | — | -39.60% | -80.97% | +531.25% | -23.68% | -3.26% | +4.73% | +7.02% | +2.22% | -5.92% |
| EBITDA · YoY | — | -33.01% | -37.54% | +100.23% | +8.65% | -4.48% | +0.82% | +6.72% | -1.82% | -1.06% |
| Net income · YoY | — | -44.17% | -116.54% | +656.93% | -23.20% | -20.09% | +4.49% | +6.22% | +0.00% | -12.29% |
| Operating | ||||||||||
| EBIT · YoY | — | -37.80% | -78.17% | +362.33% | -11.86% | -6.26% | +5.05% | +3.84% | -1.59% | -7.06% |
| R&D · YoY | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Per-share | ||||||||||
| EPS · diluted · YoY | — | -42.11% | -121.66% | +545.54% | -19.64% | +133.54% | +21.96% | +14.75% | +13.29% | +6.56% |
| EPS · basic · YoY | — | -42.11% | -121.66% | +558.93% | -20.43% | +133.31% | +21.17% | +15.15% | +12.68% | +6.70% |
Credit & leverage
Balance-sheet health + interest coverage + liquidity. Coverage ratios use period-end debt and trailing interest expense.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leverage | |||||||||
| Total debt | $8.29B | $8.3B | $10.97B | $10.99B | $16.77B | $14.94B | $15.5B | $16.38B | $16.68B |
| Net debt | $8.04B | $7.87B | $10.43B | $10.03B | $12.03B | $12.57B | $13.04B | $13.83B | $14.12B |
| Net debt / EBITDA | 1.92 | 2.81 | 5.96 | 2.86 | 3.16 | 3.46 | 3.56 | 3.54 | 3.68 |
| Debt / equity | 2.30 | 2.17 | 3.78 | 4.44 | 9.97 | 5.17 | 5.22 | 5.38 | 5.45 |
| Debt / assets | +35.75% | +28.48% | +42.13% | +45.75% | +57.54% | +47.27% | +48.24% | +49.02% | +50.21% |
| Equity / assets | +15.53% | +13.13% | +11.16% | +10.32% | +5.77% | +9.15% | +9.25% | +9.12% | +9.22% |
| Coverage | |||||||||
| EBITDA / interest expense | 8.62 | 6.71 | 2.62 | 5.38 | 4.93 | 4.30 | 4.33 | 4.37 | 4.13 |
| Operating income / interest | 6.89 | 4.84 | 0.58 | 3.72 | 2.40 | 2.12 | 2.21 | 2.24 | 2.21 |
| Interest expense | $485M | $417M | $667M | $651M | $772M | $844.82M | $846.29M | $894.64M | $929.53M |
| Liquidity | |||||||||
| Current ratio | 1.37 | 1.25 | 1.02 | 1.02 | 1.64 | — | — | — | — |
| Quick ratio | 0.53 | 0.40 | 0.43 | 0.51 | 1.37 | — | — | — | — |
| Cash ratio | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.11 | 0.59 | — | — | — | — |
| Working capital | $2.93B | $3.25B | $227M | $151M | $5.12B | — | — | — | — |
| Working capital / revenue | +10.84% | +10.30% | +0.79% | +0.54% | +16.67% | — | — | — | — |
Sourced from key_metrics + financial_ratios (loaded by load_fundamentals_extended.py).
Valuation
| Metric | FY 2025 | FY 2024 |
|---|---|---|
| P / E | — | — |
| P / B | — | — |
| EV / EBITDA | — | — |
| EV / Sales | 1.40x | 1.02x |
| Earnings yield | 2.8% | 6.1% |
| FCF yield | 2.5% | 9.9% |
Returns
| Metric | FY 2025 | FY 2024 |
|---|---|---|
| Gross margin | — | — |
| Operating margin | — | — |
| Net margin | — | — |
| ROE | 51.4% | 45.4% |
| ROA | 3.0% | 4.7% |
| ROIC | 7.0% | 11.6% |
Leverage & liquidity
| Metric | FY 2025 | FY 2024 |
|---|---|---|
| Debt / equity | — | — |
| Net debt / EBITDA | 3.16 | 2.86 |
| Interest coverage | — | — |
| Current ratio | 1.64x | 1.02x |
| Quick ratio | — | — |
Methodology. ROE / ROA / ROC use period-end balance-sheet denominators (no average-of- period smoothing). ROIC = Operating Income × (1 − inferred effective tax rate) over invested capital, with the effective tax inferred from net-to-operating income when both are positive and a 25% default otherwise. Net debt / EBITDA, debt ratios, and interest-coverage ratios are calculated point-in-time at each fiscal year-end. TTM = trailing 4 quarters (income / cash flow summed, balance sheet = most-recent quarterly snapshot). Through-cycle CAGR in the Growth panel uses the geometric mean of first-to-last period growth across the window (positive values only).